<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cannell, M. G. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palutikof, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, T. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicators of Climate Change in the UK</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cresswell, Will</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenology mismatch hypothesis: are declines of migrant birds linked to uneven global climate change?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mismatch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01610.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-108</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Migrant bird populations are declining and have been linked to anthropogenic climate change. The phenology mismatch hypothesis predicts that migrant birds, which experience a greater rate of warming in their breeding grounds compared to their wintering grounds, are more likely to be in decline, because their migration will occur later and they may then miss the early stages of the breeding season. Population trends will also be negatively correlated with distance, because the chances of phenology mismatch increase with number of staging sites. 2. Population trends from the Palaearctic (1990-2000) and Nearctic (1980-2006) were collated for 193 spatially separate migrant bird populations, along with temperature trends for the wintering and breeding areas. An index of phenology mismatch was calculated as the difference between wintering and breeding temperature trends. 3. In the Nearctic, phenology mismatch was correlated with population declines as predicted, but in the Palaearctic, distance was more important. This suggests that differential global climate change may be responsible for contributing to some migrant species' declines, but its effects may be more important in the Nearctic. 4. Differences in geography and so average migration distance, migrant species composition and history of anthropogenic change in the two areas may account for the differences in the strength of the importance of phenology mismatch on migrant declines in the Nearctic and Palaearctic.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01610.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wipf,Sonja</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology, growth, and fecundity of eight subarctic tundra species in response to snowmelt manipulations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GDD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9653-9</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The snow cover extent is an important factor for the structure and composition of arctic and alpine tundra communities. Over the last few decades, snowmelt in many arctic and alpine regions has advanced, causing the growing season to start earlier and last longer. In a field experiment in subarctic tundra in Interior Alaska, I manipulated the timing of snowmelt and measured the response in mortality, phenology, growth, and reproduction of the eight dominant plant species. I then tested whether the phenological development of these species was controlled by snowmelt date or by temperature (in particular growing degree days, GDD). In order to expand our understanding of plant sensitivity to snowmelt timing, I explored whether the response patterns can be generalized with regard to the temporal niche of each species. Differences in the phenology between treatments were only found for the first stages of the phenological development (=phenophases). The earlier the temporal niche (i.e., the sooner after snowmelt a species develops) the more its phenology was sensitive to snowmelt. Later phenophases were mostly controlled by GDD, especially in late-developing species. In no species did an earlier snowmelt and a longer growing season directly enhance plant fitness or fecundity, in spite of the changes in the timing of plant development. In conclusion, the temporal niche of a species’ phenological development could be a predictor of its response to snowmelt timing. However, only the first phenophases were susceptible to changes in snowmelt, and no short-term effects on plant fitness were found.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11258-009-9653-9</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fallas-Cedeño, Lottie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holbrook, N. Michele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, Oscar J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vásquez, Nelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutiérrez-Soto, Marco V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology, lignotubers, and water relations of &lt;i&gt;Cochlospermum vitifolium&lt;/i&gt;, a pioneer tropical dry forest tree in Costa Rica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cochlospermum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa Rica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tropical tree</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00539.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-111</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1744-7429</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined structural and physiological traits relevant to the phenology of the tropical dry forest (TDF) pioneer tree Cochlospermum vitifolium. Despite marked seasonality in rainfall, meristem activity occurred throughout the year. Leaves were produced almost continuously during the rainy season, while leaf shedding started early during drought, before changes in soil water content were observed. Phenological activity under drought included flowering and fruiting of leafless trees; bud break and shoot extension took place before the end of the dry season. Low wood density of C. vitifolium stems (0.17 g/cm3) and lignotubers (0.14 g/cm3) provided water and starch storage needed to support phenological events such as branch extension, leaf flushing, and reproduction during the dry season, and probably also contributed to survival following mechanical damage and fire, typical of early TDF successional stages. Lignotuber water and starch contents showed substantial seasonal variation, declining from the beginning of the dry season to their lowest levels at the time of reproduction and dry-season flushing. Stems progressively replaced lignotubers as main storage organs as tree size increased. Evidence for a role of water stores in buffering daily water deficits was weak. Leaf water potentials remained above 22121.2 MPa and stomatal conductance below 350 mmol/m2/s, suggesting that gas exchange during the rainy season was limited to prevent xylem cavitation. Leaf shedding occurred when early-morning and mid-day 03A8L converged at the rainy2013dry season transition, without changes in lignotuber or soil water content, suggesting that leaves of C. vitifolium are closely tuned to atmospheric drought. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00539.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estacin Experimental Fabio Baudrit, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apartado 183-4050, Alajuela, Costa Rica; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U.S.A.; Laboratorio de Histologa, Centro Agronmico Tropical de Investigacin y Enseanza, Apartado 7170 CATIE, Turrialba, Cartago 30501, Costa Rica</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Louie H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudolf, V. H. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology, ontogeny and the effects of climate change on the timing of species interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mistiming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-0248</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change is altering the phenology of many species and the timing of their interactions with other species, but the impacts of these phenological shifts on species interactions remain unclear. Classical approaches to the study of phenology have typically documented changes in the timing of single life-history events, while phenological shifts affect many interactions over entire life histories. In this study, we suggest an approach that integrates the phenology and ontogeny of species interactions with a fitness landscape to provide a common mechanistic framework for investigating phenological shifts. We suggest that this ontogeny-phenology landscape provides a flexible method to document changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species, examine the causes of these phenological shifts, and estimate their consequences for interacting species. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Entomology, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77098, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukunda, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using Photographs to Show the Effects of Climate Change on Flowering Times</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auer, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Rosemartin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Miller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. Marsh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Crawford</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web-based Visualization of Phenology Data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE VisWeek</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23/10/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://theskua.com/pubs/auer_visweek2011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The National Coordinating Office (NCO) of the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) contracted The Center for Environmental Informatics (CEI) at Penn State to design and develop a Flash-based visualization application for viewing, exploring, animating, and graphing phenology data collected through Nature’s Notebook, a citizen science project studying the timing of plant and animal life cycle events (phenology). At the core of the application are two views of the data that focus on database-driven information visualization, a map animation and a stacked temporal graph, or “phenophase stack,” both fully interactive and with user selection of parameters filtering the data. Developers at CEI designed and developed the application working closely with NCO staff. Two rounds of informal evaluation with usability experts and domain scientists gauged the success and utility of the application, as well as provided feedback for the development process. The work presented here details a case study in designing a web-based data-driven information visualization application with phenology data, a domain application that has seen little attention from the fields of web-mapping and visualization.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auer, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Rosemartin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D. Miller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. Marsh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Crawford</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web-based Visualization of Phenology Data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE VisWeek</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23/10/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://theskua.com/pubs/auer_visweek2011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The National Coordinating Office (NCO) of the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) contracted The Center for Environmental Informatics (CEI) at Penn State to design and develop a Flash-based visualization application for viewing, exploring, animating, and graphing phenology data collected through Nature’s Notebook, a citizen science project studying the timing of plant and animal life cycle events (phenology). At the core of the application are two views of the data that focus on database-driven information visualization, a map animation and a stacked temporal graph, or “phenophase stack,” both fully interactive and with user selection of parameters filtering the data. Developers at CEI designed and developed the application working closely with NCO staff. Two rounds of informal evaluation with usability experts and domain scientists gauged the success and utility of the application, as well as provided feedback for the development process. The work presented here details a case study in designing a web-based data-driven information visualization application with phenology data, a domain application that has seen little attention from the fields of web-mapping and visualization.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pau, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolkovich, E.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, B.I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies, T.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, N.J.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolmgren, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleland, Elsa E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science.</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3633–3643</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sommer, Ulrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewandowska, Aleksandra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change and the phytoplankton spring bloom: warming and overwintering zooplankton have similar effects on phytoplankton</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesocosm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytoplankton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring bloom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zooplankton</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02182.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">154-162</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indoor mesocosms were used to study the combined effect of warming and of different densities of overwintering mesozooplankton (mainly copepods) on the spring development of phytoplankton in shallow, coastal waters. Similar to previous studies, warming accelerated the spring phytoplankton peak by ca. 1 day  °C−1 whereas zooplankton did not significantly influence timing. Phytoplankton biomass during the experimental period decreased with warming and with higher densities of overwintering zooplankton. Similarly, average cell size and average effective particle size (here: colony size) decreased both with zooplankton density and warming. A decrease in phytoplankton particle size is generally considered at typical footprint of copepod grazing. We conclude that warming induced changes in the magnitude and structure of the phytoplankton spring bloom cannot be understood without considering grazing by overwintering zooplankton.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hulme, Philip E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrasting impacts of climate-driven flowering phenology on changes in alien and native plant species distributions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">first flowering date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">residence time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03446.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-281</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">•Plant phenology is particularly sensitive to climate and a key indicator of environmental change. Globally, first flowering dates (FFDs) have advanced by several days per decade in response to recent climate warming, but, while earlier flowering should allow plant distributions to increase, a link between FFD and range changes has not been observed. * •Here I show for 347 species that the extent to which FFD has responded to climate warming is linked to the degree to which their relative distributions have changed over 30 yr across the British Isles. * •Native plant species whose phenology did not track climate change declined in distribution, whereas species that became more widespread all exhibited earlier flowering. In contrast, alien neophytes showed both a stronger phenological response to warming and a more marked increase in distribution, but no link between the two. * •These trends were consistent both for relative changes in the national distribution and for local abundance. At the national scale, the more recently an alien species became established in Britain, the more likely it was to increase in distribution irrespective of FFD, suggesting that recent changes in alien species distributions are decoupled from climate and driven by other factors.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rafferty, Nicole E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ives, Anthony R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of experimental shifts in flowering phenology on plant–pollinator interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering onset</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mismatch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01557.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-74</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-0248</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 69–74 Abstract Climate change has led to phenological shifts in flowering plants and insect pollinators, causing concern that these shifts will disrupt plant–pollinator mutualisms. We experimentally investigated how shifts in flowering onset affect pollinator visitation for 14 native perennial plant species, six of which have exhibited shifts to earlier flowering over the last 70 years and eight of which have not. We manipulated flowering onset in greenhouses and then observed pollinator visitation in the field. Five of six species with historically advanced flowering received more visits when flowering was experimentally advanced, whereas seven of eight species with historically unchanged flowering received fewer visits when flowering earlier. This pattern suggests that species unconstrained by pollinators have advanced their flowering, whereas species constrained by pollinators have not. In contrast to current concern about phenological mismatches disrupting plant–pollinator mutualisms, mismatches at the onset of flowering are not occurring for most of our study species.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthysen, Erik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adriaensen, Frank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dhondt, AndrÉ A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple responses to increasing spring temperatures in the breeding cycle of blue and great tits (&lt;i&gt;Cyanistes caeruleus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Parus major&lt;/i&gt;)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laying date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nestling growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02213.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-16</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Many bird species start laying their eggs earlier in response to increasing spring temperatures, but the causes of variation between and within species have not been fully explained. Moreover, synchronization of the nestling period with the food supply not only depends on first-egg dates but also on additional reproductive parameters including laying interruptions, incubation time and nestling growth rate. We studied the breeding cycle of two sympatric and closely related species, the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus and the great tit Parus major in a rich oak-beech forest, and found that both advanced their mean first-egg dates by 11–12 days over the last three decades. In addition, the time from first egg to fledging has shortened by 2–3 days, through a decrease in laying interruptions, incubation time (not statistically significant) and nestling development time. This decrease is correlated with a gradual increase of temperatures during laying, suggesting a major effect of the reduction in laying interruptions. In both species, the occurrence of second clutches has strongly decreased over time. As a consequence, the average time of fledging (all broods combined) has advanced by 15.4 and 18.6 days for blue and great tits, respectively, and variance in fledging dates has decreased by 70–75%. Indirect estimates of the food peak suggest that both species have maintained synchronization with the food supply. We found consistent selection for large clutch size, early laying and short nest time (laying to fledging), but no consistent changes in selection over time. Analyses of within-individual variation show that most of the change can be explained by individual plasticity in laying date, fledging date and nest time. This study highlights the importance of studying all components of the reproductive cycle, including second clutches, in order to assess how natural populations respond to climate change.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grulke, Nancy E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nexus of host and pathogen phenology: understanding the disease triangle with climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alnus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease incidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03568.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-11</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have observed a remarkable increase in large-scale, sudden onset of decline (unknown causes) and known disease (bacterial, fungal, viral) outbreaks in the last few decades, with more predicted globally (Ganley et al., 2009). Increases in temperature, changes in the timing and effectiveness of precipitation, the change in the frequency and intensity of other, catastrophic events (e.g. windthrows, tornadoes, bark beetle outbreaks) and invasions of both native and exotic pathogens have thrown unlikely combinations of host plants, plant pathogens and environmental variability together with unpredicted outcomes. A recent canker outbreak in Alnus tenuifolia in interior Alaska, associated with the hot, dry summer of 2004 (Ruess et al., 2009), has refocused attention on the role of temperature and drought in canker incidence (Schoeneweiss, 1975). In this issue of New Phytologist, Rohrs-Richey et al. (pp. 295–307) open a new line of research in host–pathogen relationships with clarity: an experimental test of the intersection of the phenology of host susceptibility (Alnus fruticosa), the life cycle of the pathogen (Valsa melanodiscus) and environmental variability (temperature, drought).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossi, Sergio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morin, Hubert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deslauriers, Annie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plourde, Pierre- Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting xylem phenology in black spruce under climate warming</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boreal forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cambium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">xylem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02191.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">614-625</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract In the next century, the boreal ecosystems are projected to experience greater rates of warming than most other regions of the world. As the boreal forest constitutes a reservoir of trees of huge ecological importance and only partially known economic potential, any possible climate-related change in plant growth and dynamics has to be promptly predicted and evaluated. A model for assessing xylem phenology in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] using daily temperatures and thermal thresholds was defined and applied to predict changes in onset, ending and duration of xylem growth under different warming scenarios with temperatures rising by up to 3 °C. This was achieved by collecting and analyzing a dataset obtained from a 7-year monitoring of cambium phenology and wood formation on a weekly time-scale in trees growing in four sites at different latitudes and altitudes in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region (Quebec, Canada). The onset of xylem growth occurred between mid-May and early June while the end ranged between mid-September and early October, resulting in a growing season of 101–141 days. The model predicted longer duration of xylem growth at higher temperatures, with an increase of 8–11 days/ °C, because of an earlier onset and later ending of growth. With an increase of 3 °C in the mean temperature during the year, the duration of xylem growth changed on average from 125 to 160 days. The predicted changes in cambial phenology could significantly affect future wood production of the boreal ecosystems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Korner, Christian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basler, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology under global warming</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 19, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencemag.org</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5972</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-1462</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological events such as bud burst, flowering, and senescence have received increased interest in the light of global warming. Spring events at temperate latitudes have advanced by 2.5 days per decade since 1971. As global warming progresses, how will it affect the arrival of spring and the length of the growing season? </style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, Diane L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avritt, Joy J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maliakal-Witt, Satya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medeiros, Juliana S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaner, Marieken G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of plant and flower age on mating patterns</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Bot</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paternity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">radish</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 1, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/1/7</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background Over a season, plant condition, amount of ongoing reproduction and biotic and abiotic environmental factors vary. As flowers age, flower condition and amount of pollen donated and received also vary. These internal and external changes are significant for fitness if they result in changes in reproduction and mating. Scope Literature from several fields was reviewed to provide a picture of the changes that occur in plants and flowers that can affect mating over a season. As flowers age, both the entire flower and individual floral whorls show changes in appearance and function. Over a season, changes in mating often appear as alteration in seed production vs. pollen donation. In several species, older, unpollinated flowers are more likely to self. If flowers are receiving pollen, staying open longer may increase the number of mates. In wild radish, for which there is considerable information on seed paternity, older flowers produce fewer seeds and appear to discriminate less among pollen donors. Pollen donor performance can also be linked to maternal plant age. Different pollinators and mates are available across the season. Also in wild radish, maternal plants appear to exert the most control over paternity when they are of intermediate age. Conclusions Although much is known about the characters of plants and flowers that can change over a season, there is less information on the effects of age on mating. Several studies document changes in self-pollination over time, but very few, other than those on wild radish, consider more subtle aspects of differential success of pollen donors over time.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winder, Monika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cloern, James E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3215-3226</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoye, Toke T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inouye, David W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Post, Eric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of phenological mismatches on demograpy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3177-3186</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, James D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering phenology, fuiting success and progressive deterioration of pollination in an early-flowering geophyte</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3187-3199</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibanez, Ines</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, Richard B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellwood, Elizabeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higuchi, Hiroyoshi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang Don</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobori, Hiromi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silander, John A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forcasting phenology under global warming</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3247-3260</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilczek, A.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burghardt, L.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobb, A.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welch, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic and physiological basis for phenological responses to current and prediceted climates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3129-3147</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Noland H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, John H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographical variation in postzygotic isolation and its genetic basis within and between two Mimulus species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3261</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, Charles C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, Charles G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, Richard B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of phylogeny to the study of phenological response to global climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3201-3213</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson,Andrew D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Black, Andy T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ciais, Philippe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delbart, Nicolas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friedl, Mark A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gobron, Nadine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hollinger, David Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kutsch, Werner L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longdoz, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luyssaert, Sebastiaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magliavacca, Mirco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montagnani, Leonardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munger, William J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moors, Eddy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piao, Shilong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebmann, Corinna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichstein, Markus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saigusa, Nobuko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomelleri, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vargas, Rodrigo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varlagin, Andrej</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of spring and atumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3227-3246</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visser, Marcel E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caro, Samuel P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Oers, Kees</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaper, Sonja V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helm, Barbra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rythms: towards a unified framework</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3113-3127</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singer, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, Camille</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholocal asynchrony between herbivorous insects andtheir hosts: signal of climate change or pre-existing adaptive strategy?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3161-3176</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3101-3112</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chuine, Isabelle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why does phenology drive species distribution?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3149-3160</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOFFREY M. HENEBRY</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toward a US National Phenological Assessment:  Third USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) and Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 5–9 October 2009</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EOS</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeting Summary</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Wildlife Watchers Aid Climate Research: A New Effort to Monitor Changes in Wildlife Phenology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Wildlife Professional</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/files/TWP_USA-NPN_Article.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summer 2010</style></volume></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Purnee, Miles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Joe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Deusen,  Roswell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bird Data from the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary from 1931 on</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avian Data 1931 on</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augusta, MI. </style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melissa Myers</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myers, Melissa</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">my experience as a citizen scientist volunteer</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y. Tracol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. Siniscalco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Cremonese</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoclol for phenological and vegetation sampling on alpine grasslands</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/publications/PhenoAlp_protocol_jan2010_ENG/PHENOALP_GRASSLAND_PHENOLOGY_PROTOCOL_20100114.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amano, Tatsuya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smithers, Richard J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks,Tim H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutherland, William J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 250-year index of first flowering dates and its response to temperature changes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">first flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1693/2451.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1693</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2451-2457</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widespread concerns about global biodiversity loss have led to a growing demand for indices of biodiversity status. Today, climate change is among the most serious threats to global biodiversity. Although many studies have revealed phenological responses to climate change, no long-term community-level indices have been developed. We derived a 250-year index of first flowering dates for 405 plant species in the UK for assessing the impact of climate change on plant communities. The estimated community-level index in the most recent 25 years was 2.2–12.7 days earlier than any other consecutive 25-year period since 1760. The index was closely correlated with February–April mean Central England Temperature, with flowering 5.0 days earlier for every 1°C increase in temperature. The index was relatively sensitive to the number of species, not records per species, included in the model. Our results demonstrate how multi-species, multiple-site phenological events can be integrated to obtain indices showing trends for each species and across species. This index should play an important role in monitoring the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Furthermore, this approach can be extended to incorporate data from other taxa and countries for evaluating cross-taxa and cross-country phenological responses to climate change.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1098/rspb.2010.0291</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accessible ecology: synthesis of the long, deep, and broad</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MONITORING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-50V2M80-1/2/3028a3ab9b56c7c620aeae937167bdbd</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">592-601</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0169-5347</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large volumes of data have been collected to document the many ways that ecological systems are responding to changing environmental drivers. A general buy-in on solutions to these problems can be reached only if these and future data are made easily accessible to and understood by a broad audience that includes the public, decision-makers, and other scientists. A developing framework for synthesis is reviewed that integrates three main strategies of ecological research (long-term studies; short-term, process-based studies; and broad-scale observations) with derived data products and additional sources of knowledge. This framework focuses on making data from multiple sources and disciplines easily understood by many, a prerequisite for finding synthetic solutions and predicting future dynamics in a changing world.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chevin, Luis-Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lande, Russell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mace, Georgina M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, plasticity, and extinction in a changing environment: Towards a predictive theory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS Biol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extinction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000357</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e1000357</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors analyze developmental, genetic, and demographic mechanisms by which populations tolerate changing environments and discuss empirical methods for determining the critical rate of sustained environmental change that causes population extinction.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks,Tim H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langowska, Aleksandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Głazaczow, Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkaniec, Zdzisław</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bieńkowska, Małgorzata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tryjanowski, Piotr</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advances in the timing of spring cleaning by the honeybee &lt;i&gt;Apis mellifera&lt;/i&gt; in Poland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeybee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01226.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">788-791</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. The honeybee Apis mellifera is of huge worldwide economic importance in the pollination of crops for human consumption. In recent years, honeybee populations have declined under pressure from diseases and pests. Climate change is increasingly being viewed as an additional threat to honeybees and yet only limited research has been carried out in this area.2. This paper reports the advance of the first cleansing flight (‘spring cleaning’) of the honeybee in Poznań, Poland, i.e. flights to excrete faeces, over a month in the period 1985–2009. The timing of this flight is advanced not only by higher late winter/spring temperatures but also by higher temperatures in the previous summer and autumn. 3. This earlier activity gives hope that the reported earlier flowering of many native and cultivated species will not cause a pollination synchrony crisis.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fujisawa, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobayashi, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apple (&lt;i&gt;Malus pumila&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;domestica&lt;/i&gt;) phenology is advancing due to rising air temperature in northern Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">air temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">apple</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02126.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2651-2660</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent studies show advancing onset of plant growing season in many regions for the last several decades. With the well-established dependence of plant phenology on temperature, these trends are interpreted as an indication of global warming. For several decades, however, other determinants of plant phenology, e.g. varieties and trends in managed systems, may have changed and confounded the phenological trends. In this study, we tested if long-term changes in phenology of apple (Malus pumila var. domestica) are attributable to long-term changes in temperature by comparing the phenological response to long-term trend in air temperature, which is of our interest, with that to year-to-year fluctuation in air temperature, which should represent the real effect of temperature on phenology. We collected records of air temperature and phenological events (budding and flowering) in apple from 1977 to 2004 at six locations in Japan. Linear trends in flowering showed advancing rate in the range from 0.21 to 0.35 day yr−1, statistically significant at three locations (P&lt;0.05). We also found a warming trend in mean air temperature throughout March and April, with which flowering was closely correlated, in the range from 0.047 to 0.077 °C yr−1, statistically significant at five locations (P&lt;0.05). We separated the temperature time-series into two components: a long-term trend and a year-to-year fluctuation, by fitting smoothing spline to the trend and taking the residuals as the anomaly. We then fit a multiple regression model of phenological response to air temperature with separate coefficients for long-term trend and anomaly. Flowering date responded to the long-term trend at −3.8 day  °C−1 and to the anomaly at −4.6 day  °C−1. The temperature coefficients were not statistically different from each other or among locations, suggesting that the advance of apple phenology has predominantly been caused by the temperature increase across the locations studied. The same result was also observed with budding.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambers, Lynda E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keatley, Marie R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian bird phenology: a search for climate signals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austral Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02108.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Asia</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">969-979</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-9993</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal and climate-related changes in avian phenology were assessed for seven species of south-eastern Australia using data obtained from members of the public, naturalist groups and other organizations. Despite significantly warmer temperatures (~0.02–0.03°C per year) and reduced rainfall (~1.6–8.0 mm per year) over much of south-eastern Australia in recent decades, most species showed no corresponding trends in their timing of migration or breeding, the notable exceptions being the grey fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) and the flame robin (Petroica phoenicea), which migrate through Melbourne, Victoria, during autumn and spring. In many species, however, migration or breeding timing appeared to be influenced to some extent by local, rather than regional, climate conditions, particularly local daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Whether these species will noticeably change their phenology to match projected changes in climate, perhaps when a currently unknown climate threshold is crossed, or whether these species are sufficiently flexible in their foraging strategies or food sources to be able to maintain their current timing, remains to be seen.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rumpff, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, J.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological indicators of climate change: evidence from long-term flowering records of plants along the Victorian coast, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT10053</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">428-439</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigate the utility of using historical data sources to track changes in flowering time of coastal species in south-eastern Australia in response to recent climate warming. Studies of this nature in the southern hemisphere are rare, mainly because of a paucity of long-term data sources. Despite this, we found there is considerable potential to utilise existing data sourced from herbaria collections and field naturalists’ notes and diaries to identify native plant species suitable as biological indicators of climate change. Of 101 candidate species investigated in the present study, eight were identified as showing a general trend towards earlier flowering over time, indicating a correlation with increasing temperatures. There was some evidence to suggest that species which flower in spring and summer may be more sensitive to changes in temperature. There was a high level of uncertainty regarding the detection of trends, which was a function of the accessibility, abundance and accuracy of the various data sources. However, this uncertainty could be resolved in future studies by combining the datasets from the present study with field monitoring of phenological cycles in climatically different locations. Data held by community groups could be made more accessible if there was a concerted effort to fund collation and digitisation of these records. This might best be achieved by working with community groups, and facilitated through the recent establishment of a community phenological observation database in Australia.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kessler, Danny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diezel, Celia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baldwin, Ian T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changing pollinators as a means of escaping herbivores</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hawkmoth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivore</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hummingbird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manduca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NICOTIANA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">All animal-pollinated plants must solve the problem of attracting pollinators while remaining inconspicuous to herbivores, a dilemma exacerbated when voracious larval-stage herbivores mature into important pollinators for a plant. Herbivory is known to alter pollination rates, by altering flower number, size, nectar production, seasonal timing of flowering, or pollinator behavior. Nicotiana attenuata, a night-flowering tobacco that germinates after fires in the Southwestern United States, normally produces flowers that open at night and release benzyl acetone (BA) to attract night-active hawkmoth pollinators (Manduca quinquemaculata and M. sexta), which are both herbivores and pollinators. When plants are attacked by hawkmoth larvae, the plants produce flowers with reduced BA emissions that open in the morning and are preferentially pollinated by day-active hummingbirds. This dramatic change in flower phenology, which is elicited by oral secretions (OSs) from feeding hawkmoth larvae and requires jasmonate (JA) signal transduction, causes the majority of outcrossed seeds to be produced by pollinations from day-active hummingbirds rather than night-active hawkmoths. Because oviposition and nectaring are frequently coupled behaviors in hawkmoths, we propose that this OS-elicited, JA-mediated change in flower phenology complements similarly elicited responses to herbivore attack (direct defenses, indirect defenses, and tolerance responses) that reduce the risk and fitness consequences of herbivory to plants.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozgul, Arpat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Childs, Dylan Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oli, Madan K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armitage, Kenneth B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blumstein, Daniel T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olson, Lucretia E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuljapurkar, Shripad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coulson, Tim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth in response to environmental change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hibernation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marmot</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RMBL</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09210</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7305</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">466</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">482-485</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-0836</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental change has altered the phenology, morphological traits and population dynamics of many species1, 2. However, the links underlying these joint responses remain largely unknown owing to a paucity of long-term data and the lack of an appropriate analytical framework3. Here we investigate the link between phenotypic and demographic responses to environmental change using a new methodology and a long-term (1976–2008) data set from a hibernating mammal (the yellow-bellied marmot) inhabiting a dynamic subalpine habitat. We demonstrate how earlier emergence from hibernation and earlier weaning of young has led to a longer growing season and larger body masses before hibernation. The resulting shift in both the phenotype and the relationship between phenotype and fitness components led to a decline in adult mortality, which in turn triggered an abrupt increase in population size in recent years. Direct and trait-mediated effects of environmental change made comparable contributions to the observed marked increase in population growth. Our results help explain how a shift in phenology can cause simultaneous phenotypic and demographic changes, and highlight the need for a theory integrating ecological and evolutionary dynamics in stochastic environments4, 5.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1038/nature09210</style></work-type><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1038/nature09210</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flanagan, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karron, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of multiple competitors for pollination on bumblebee foraging patterns and &lt;i&gt;Mimulus ringen&lt;/i&gt;s reproductive success</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lobelia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lythrum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18777.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">no-no</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1600-0706</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When co-occurring plant species overlap in flowering phenology they may compete for the service of shared pollinators. Competition for pollination may lower plant reproductive success by reducing the number of pollinator probes or by decreasing the quality of pollen transport to or from a focal species. Pair-wise interactions between plants sharing pollinators have been well documented. However, relatively few studies have examined interactions for pollination among three or more plant species, and little is known about how the outcomes and mechanisms of competition for pollination may vary with competitor species composition. To better understand how the dynamics of competition for pollination may be influenced by changes in the number of competitors, we manipulated the presence of two competitors, Lythrum salicaria and Lobelia siphilitica, and quantified reproductive success for a third species, Mimulus ringens. Patterns of pollinator preference and interspecific transitions in mixed-species arrays were significantly influenced by the species composition of competitor plants present. Both pair-wise and three-species competition treatments led to a similar -40% reduction in Mimulus ringens seed set. However, the patterns of pollinator foraging we observed suggest that the relative importance of different mechanisms of competition for pollination may vary with the identity and number of competitors present. This variation in mechanisms of competition for pollination may be especially important in diverse plant communities where many species interact through shared pollinators.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srygley, Robert B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dudley, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Evandro G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AizprÚA, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pelaez, Nicole Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riveros, Andre J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Niño and dry season rainfall influence hostplant phenology and an annual butterfly migration from Neotropical wet to dry forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENSO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01986.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">936-945</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We censused butterflies flying across the Panama Canal at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) for 16 years and butterfly hostplants for 8 years to address the question: What environmental factors influence the timing and magnitude of migrating Aphrissa statira butterflies? The peak migration date was earlier when the wet season began earlier and when soil moisture content in the dry season preceding the migration was higher. The peak migration date was also positively associated with peak leaf flushing of one hostplant (Callichlamys latifolia) but not another (Xylophragma seemannianum). The quantity of migrants was correlated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which influenced April soil moisture on BCI and total rainfall in the dry season. Both hostplant species responded to El Niño with greater leaf flushing, and the number of adults deriving from or laying eggs on those new leaves was greatest during El Niño years. The year 1993 was exceptional in that the number of butterflies migrating was lower than predicted by the El Niño event, yet the dry season was unusually wet for an El Niño year as well. Thus, dry season rainfall appears to be a primary driver of larval food production and population outbreaks for A. statira. Understanding how global climate cycles and local weather influence tropical insect migrations improves the predictability of ecological effects of climate change.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01986.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo. 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Faculdade de Cincias Biolgicas e Sade, Centro Universitrio UNA Campus Guajajaras, Rua Guajajaras 175, 30180-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Botnica, Universidad de Panam, Repblica de Panam; Departamento de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1A No. 18A-10, Bogot, Colombia; Departamento de Biologa, Universidad Nacional de Colmbia, Apdo. 14490, Bogot, Colombia</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawagoe, Tetsuhiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kudoh, Hiroshi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escape from floral herbivory by early flowering in &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis halleri&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;gemmifera&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arabidopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1709-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">713-720</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0029-8549</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural selection on flowering phenology has been studied primarily in terms of plant–pollinator interactions and effects of abiotic conditions. Little is known, however, about geographic variation in other biotic factors such as herbivores and its consequence for differential selection on flowering phenology among populations. Here, we examine selection by floral herbivores on the flowering phenology of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera using two adjacent populations with contrasting herbivory regimes. Intensive floral herbivory by the leaf beetle Phaedon brassicae occurs in one population, while the beetle is absent in another population. We tested the hypothesis that the two populations experience differential selection on flowering time that is attributable to the presence or absence of floral herbivory. A two-year field study showed that early flowering was favoured in the population under intensive floral herbivory, whereas selection for early flowering was not found in one year in the population where floral herbivory was absent. Selection for early flowering disappeared when the abundance of floral herbivores was artificially decreased in a field experiment. Thus, the heterogeneous distribution of P. brassicae was a major agent for differential selection on flowering time. However, flowering time did not differ between the two populations when plants were grown in the laboratory. The lack of genetic differentiation in flowering time may be explained by ongoing gene flow or recent invasion of P. brassicae. This study illustrates that the role of floral herbivory in shaping geographic variation in selection on flowering phenology may be more important than previously thought.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, Charles G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruhfel, Brad R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, Richard B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Losos, Jonathan B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, Charles C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Favorable climate change response explains non-native species' success in Thoreau's woods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thoreau</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008878</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e8878</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive species have tremendous detrimental ecological and economic impacts. Climate change may exacerbate species invasions across communities if non-native species are better able to respond to climate changes than native species. Recent evidence indicates that species that respond to climate change by adjusting their phenology (i.e., the timing of seasonal activities, such as flowering) have historically increased in abundance. The extent to which non-native species success is similarly linked to a favorable climate change response, however, remains untested. We analyzed a dataset initiated by the conservationist Henry David Thoreau that documents the long-term phenological response of native and non-native plant species over the last 150 years from Concord, Massachusetts (USA). Our results demonstrate that non-native species, and invasive species in particular, have been far better able to respond to recent climate change by adjusting their flowering time. This demonstrates that climate change has likely played, and may continue to play, an important role in facilitating non-native species naturalization and invasion at the community level.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morrant, Damian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petit, Sophie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schumann, Russell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral nectar sugar composition and flowering phenology of the food plants used by the western pygmy possum, &lt;i&gt;Cercartetus concinnus,&lt;/i&gt; at Innes National Park, South Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cercartetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melaleuca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pygmy possum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sugar ratio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0687-1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Japan</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">579-589</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0912-3814</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) is a small nocturnal marsupial that relies primarily on the nectar and pollen of myrtaceous species at Innes National Park and may occasionally also ingest invertebrates. This study confirmed plant utilization by C. concinnus using scat samples and pollen swabs, and investigated the flowering phenology of dietary plants to determine resource availability. We compared nectar composition between day and night and analyzed nectar sugar production for dietary species. Pollen swabs and scats suggested that C. concinnus relied primarily on the nectar and pollen of Kingscote mallee, Eucalyptus rugosa (76.8% of grains counted in combined scat samples) at Innes National Park, when available; only one of 30 scat samples contained numerous moth scales. The nectars of the species investigated showed marked differences in their composition, but only Melaleuca gibbosa and M. halmaturorum sugar composition changed between day and night. The nectar sugar ratio of E. rugosa differed from those of most other species investigated. C. concinnus may select this plant’s flowers because its nectar is relatively high in hexose sugars. Although E. diversifolia was abundant, its flowers were mostly ignored by possums, perhaps because the nectar in these flowers was proportionately much richer in sucrose than other species’. E. rugosa’s flowering index (calculated from flower load and canopy size) was greatest in December. Six of the seven eucalypt species flowered between November and April; for half of the year pygmy possums must find other resources.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inouye, David W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, James D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heterotheca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoxys</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lupinus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mertensia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RMBL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/09-0099.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-440</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change is expected to alter patterns of species co-occurrence, in both space and time. Species-specific shifts in reproductive phenology may alter the assemblages of plant species in flower at any given time during the growing season. Temporal overlap in the flowering periods (co-flowering) of animal-pollinated species may influence reproductive success if competitive or facilitative interactions between plant species affect pollinator services. We used a 33-year data set on flowering phenology in subalpine meadows in Colorado, USA, to determine whether interannual variation in snowmelt date, which marks the start of the growing season, affected co-flowering patterns. For two of four species considered, we found a significant relationship between snowmelt timing and composition of the assemblage of co-flowering plants. In years of early snowmelt, Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Fabaceae), the species we investigated in most detail, tended to overlap with earlier-flowering species and with fewer species overall. In particular, overlap with the flowering period of Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus, with which Lathyrus leucanthus shares pollinators, was significantly reduced in early-snowmelt years. The observed association between timing of snowmelt and patterns of flowering overlap could not have been predicted simply by examining temporal trends in the dates of peak flowering of the dominant species in the community, as peak flowering dates have largely shifted in parallel with respect to snowmelt date. However, subtle interspecific differences in responsiveness of flowering time, duration, and intensity to interannual climate variation have likely contributed to the observed relationship. Although much of the year-to-year variation in flowering overlap remains unexplained by snowmelt date, our finding of a measurable signal of climate variation suggests that future climate change may lead to altered competitive environments for these wildflower species.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forbis, T. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Germination phenology of some Great Basin native annual forb species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">annual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bromus tectorum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">germination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00289.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Asia</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-230</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Basin native plant communities are being replaced by the annual invasive cheatgrass Bromus tectorum. Cheatgrass exhibits a germination syndrome that is characteristic of facultative winter annuals. Although perennials dominate these communities, native annuals are present at many sites. Germination timing is often an important predictor of competitive interactions, and might determine whether the use of annual species in restoration efforts will be successful. I used a laboratory experiment to determine whether a suite of native annuals exhibit winter or spring annual germination syndromes. Seeds of Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia, Amsinckia tesselata, Blepharipappus scaber, Descurainia pinnata, Eriastrum sparsiflorum, Lappula occidentalis, Mentzelia veatchiana and Plagiobothrys tenellus were tested for dormancy, and for responsiveness to light, cold stratification and dry after-ripening. Species that would be expected to be most similar to cheatgrass are those that have no requirement for cold stratification and are therefore likely to germinate under autumn or winter conditions. The species that clearly met this criterion in this laboratory study were A. menziesii var. intermedia, A. tesselata, D. pinnata and L. occidentalis. In contrast, B. scaber, E. sparsiflorum, M. veatchiana and P. tenellus had their highest germination after cold stratification and would be expected to be spring germinators. Blepharipappus scaber was not coaxed out of dormancy to a great degree by any of the treatments I applied and may exhibit cue-non-responsive dormancy. Field seed burial experiments, as well as experiments examining the competitive ability of these annuals versus cheatgrass will further inform us about their potential for success in restoration seedings.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clements, Michelle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clutton-Brock, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albon, Steve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pemberton, Josephine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kruuk, Loeske</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getting the timing right: antler growth phenology and sexual selection in a wild red deer population</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antler</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cervus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">red deer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1656-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-368</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0029-8549</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There has been growing interest in the determinants of the annual timing of biological phenomena, or phenology, in wild populations, but research on vertebrate taxa has primarily focused on the phenology of reproduction. We present here analyses of the phenology of the annual growth of a secondary sexual characteristic, antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) males. The long-term individual-based data from a wild population of red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland allow us to consider ecological factors influencing variation in the phenology of growth of antlers, and the implications of variation in antler growth phenology with respect to the phenotype of antler grown (antler mass) and annual breeding success. The phenology of antler growth was influenced by local environmental conditions: higher population density delayed both the start date (during spring) and the relative end date (in late summer) of antler growth, and warmer temperatures in the September and April prior to growth advanced start and end dates, respectively. Furthermore, there was variation between individuals in this phenotypic plasticity of start date, although not in that of end date of growth. The phenology of antler growth impacted on the morphology of antlers grown, with individuals who started and ended growth earliest having the heaviest antlers. The timing of antler growth phenology was associated with breeding success in the following mating season, independently of the mass of antlers grown: an earlier start of antler growth was associated with siring a higher number of the calves born the following spring. Our results suggest that the phenology of traits that are not directly correlated with offspring survival may also regularly show correlations with fitness.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clements, Michelle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clutton-Brock, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albon, Steve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pemberton, Josephine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kruuk, Loeske</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getting the timing right: antler growth phenology and sexual selection in a wild red deer population</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antler</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">red deer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1656-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-368</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0029-8549</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There has been growing interest in the determinants of the annual timing of biological phenomena, or phenology, in wild populations, but research on vertebrate taxa has primarily focused on the phenology of reproduction. We present here analyses of the phenology of the annual growth of a secondary sexual characteristic, antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) males. The long-term individual-based data from a wild population of red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland allow us to consider ecological factors influencing variation in the phenology of growth of antlers, and the implications of variation in antler growth phenology with respect to the phenotype of antler grown (antler mass) and annual breeding success. The phenology of antler growth was influenced by local environmental conditions: higher population density delayed both the start date (during spring) and the relative end date (in late summer) of antler growth, and warmer temperatures in the September and April prior to growth advanced start and end dates, respectively. Furthermore, there was variation between individuals in this phenotypic plasticity of start date, although not in that of end date of growth. The phenology of antler growth impacted on the morphology of antlers grown, with individuals who started and ended growth earliest having the heaviest antlers. The timing of antler growth phenology was associated with breeding success in the following mating season, independently of the mass of antlers grown: an earlier start of antler growth was associated with siring a higher number of the calves born the following spring. Our results suggest that the phenology of traits that are not directly correlated with offspring survival may also regularly show correlations with fitness.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Møller, A. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host - parasite interactions and vectors in the barn swallow in relation to climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">barn swallow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02035.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1158-1170</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent climate change has affected the phenology of numerous species, and such differential changes may affect host2013parasite interactions. Using information on vectors (louseflies, mosquitoes, blackflies) and parasites (tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa, the lousefly Ornithomyia avicularia, a chewing louse Brueelia sp., two species of feather mites Trouessartia crucifera and Trouessartia appendiculata, and two species of blood parasites Leucozytozoon whitworthi and Haemoproteus prognei) of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica collected during 1971-2008, I analyzed temporal changes in emergence and abundance, relationships with climatic conditions, and changes in the fitness impact of parasites on their hosts. Temperature and rainfall during the summer breeding season of the host increased during the study. The intensity of infestation by mites decreased, but increased for the lousefly during 1982-2008. The prevalence of two species of blood parasites increased during 1988-2008. The timing of first mass emergence of mosquitoes and blackflies advanced. These temporal changes in phenology and abundance of parasites and vectors could be linked to changes in temperature, but less so to changes in precipitation. Parasites had fitness consequences for hosts because intensity of the mite and the chewing louse was significantly associated with delayed breeding of the host, while a greater abundance of feather mites was associated with earlier breeding. Reproductive success of the host decreased with increasing abundance of the chewing louse. The temporal decrease in mite abundance was associated with advanced breeding of the host, while the increase in abundance of the lousefly was associated with earlier breeding. Virulence by the tropical fowl mite decreased with increasing temperature, independent of confounding factors. These findings suggest that climate change affects parasite species differently, hence altering the composition of the parasite community, and that climate change causes changes in the virulence of parasites. Because the changing phenology of different species of parasites had both positive and negative effects on their hosts, and because the abundance of some parasites increased, while that of other decreased, there was no consistent temporal change in host fitness during 1971-2008.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02035.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systmatique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Universit Paris-Sud, Btiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hegland, Stein Joar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunne, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nielsen, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memmott,Jane</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How to monitor ecological communities cost-efficiently: The example of plant-pollinator networks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MONITORING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pbd</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-pollinator network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sampling effort</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-50B49WS-2/2/23b7b3cba3fbd01e6de958d47b8ce729</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2092-2101</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0006-3207</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation practitioners often lack tools to monitor functioning of communities because time and monetary constraints create a gap between the optimal monitoring methods and the practical needs in conservation. Interaction networks provide a framework that has proven useful in ecological research. However, they are considered time consuming and too expensive for conservation purposes. We investigate whether it is possible to sample interaction networks cost-efficiently and whether a compromise exists between data quality and amount of resources required to sample the data by using a highly resolved mutualistic plant–pollinator network sampled over two years in Norway. The dataset was resampled with decreasing sampling intensity to simulate decreasing monitoring costs and we investigated the cost-efficiency of these monitoring regimes. The success in monitoring community structure varied largely with sampling intensity and the descriptor investigated. One major result was that a large proportion of the functionally most important species in the community, both plants and insects, could be identified with relatively little sampling. For example, monitoring only in “peak-season”, which costs ca. 20% relative to full monitoring, resulted in recording of 70% (in 2003) or 85% (in 2004) of the top 20 most functionally important pollinator species. Also, peak-season monitoring resulted in relatively precise estimates of several network descriptors. We present a first estimation of the full cost (travel time, sampling time and taxonomic services) of constructing pollination networks with different sampling effort. We recommend monitoring plant–pollinator networks in temperate regions during peak-season to cost-efficiently collect data for practical habitat management of ecosystem functioning.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordo, Oscar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanz, Juan JosÉ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of climate change on plant phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruiting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NAO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02084.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1082-1106</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant phenology is strongly controlled by climate and has consequently become one of the most reliable bioindicators of ongoing climate change. We used a dataset of more than 200 000 records for six phenological events of 29 perennial plant species monitored from 1943 to 2003 for a comprehensive assessment of plant phenological responses to climate change in the Mediterranean region. Temperature, precipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were studied together during a complete annual cycle before phenological events to determine their relative importance and potential seasonal carry-over effects. Warm and dry springs under a positive phase of NAO advance flowering, leaf unfolding and fruiting dates and lengthen the growing season. Spatial variability of dates (range among sites) was also reduced during warm and dry years, especially for spring events. Climate during previous weeks to phenophases occurrence had the greatest impact on plants, although all events were also affected by climate conditions several months before. Immediate along with delayed climate effects suggest dual triggers in plant phenology. Climatic models accounted for more than 80% of variability in flowering and leaf unfolding dates, and in length of the growing season, but for lower proportions in fruiting and leaf falling. Most part of year-to-year changes in dates was accounted for temperature, while precipitation and NAO accounted for &lt;10% of dates' variability. In the case of flowering, insect-pollinated species were better modelled by climate than wind-pollinated species. Differences in temporal responses of plant phenology to recent climate change are due to differences in the sensitivity to climate among events and species. Spring events are changing more than autumn events as they are more sensitive to climate and are also undergoing the greatest alterations of climate relative to other seasons. In conclusion, climate change has shifted plant phenology in the Mediterranean region.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02084.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC), CJos Gutirrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha. Av. Carlos III, sn. 45071 Toledo, Spain</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiebe, Karen L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerstmar, Heather</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of spring temperatures and individual traits on reproductive timing and success in a migratory woodpecker</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Auk</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flicker</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laying date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/auk.2010.10025</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">917-925</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the effect of spring temperatures, female age, and female body condition on the timing of laying in a migratory woodpecker, the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), and looked at the relationship between laying date and reproductive success. Average annual laying dates in the population, recorded over 12 years, were not related to the North Atlantic Oscillation or the Pacific–North American climate indices but were earlier when average daily temperatures along the migration route of Northern Flickers along the Pacific coast of North America were warmer. However, the strongest negative correlation between laying dates and ambient temperatures occurred after the arrival of most birds on the breeding site, which suggests that the ability of females to accumulate resources for egg laying on the breeding site was an important determinant of laying times. At the population level, egg laying advanced by 1.15 days for every degree warmer on the breeding grounds. At the level of individuals, laying dates advanced as females aged from 1 to 3 years, and females in better body condition also laid earlier. However, there was no interaction between female age and ambient temperature, which suggests that the age classes had equal capacity to respond to environmental change. Reproductive output declined seasonally as a result of declines in clutch size and not as a result of reduced fledging success. This suggests that there is no ecological mismatch linked to prey availability for Northern Flickers and that individuals could benefit by laying earlier if spring temperatures allow.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hülber, Karl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winkler, Manuela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grabherr, Georg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraseasonal and habitat-specific variability in phenological control of high alpine plants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daylength</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degree days</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245-252</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">  1.   High alpine plants endure a cold climate with short growing seasons entailing severe consequences of an improper timing of development. Hence, their flowering phenology is expected to be rigorously controlled by climatic factors.2.  We studied ten alpine plant species from habitats with early and late melting snow cover for 2 years and compared the synchronizing effect of temperature sums (TS), time of snowmelt (SM) and photoperiod (PH) on their flowering phenology. Intraseasonal and habitat-specific variation in the impact of these factors was analysed by comparing predictions of time-to-event models using linear mixed-effects models.3.  Temperature was the overwhelming trigger of flowering phenology for all species. Its synchronizing effect was strongest at or shortly after flowering indicating the particular importance of phenological control of pollination. To some extent, this pattern masks the common trend of decreasing phenological responses to climatic changes from the beginning to the end of the growing season for lowland species. No carry-over effects were detected.4.  As expected, the impact of photoperiod was weaker for snowbed species than for species inhabiting sites with early melting snow cover, while for temperature the reverse pattern was observed.5.  Our findings provide strong evidence that alpine plants will respond quickly and directly to increasing temperature without considerable compensation due to photoperiodic control of phenology.</style></abstract><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl Hülber, Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation &amp; AnalysesGiessergasse 6/7, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.karl.huelber@vinca.at</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Beurs, K. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOFFREY M. HENEBRY</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A land surface phenology assessment of the northern polar regions using MODIS reflectance time series</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic Oscillation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S87-S110</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study of changes in phenology and, in particular, land surface phenology (LSP) provides an important approach to detecting responses to climate change in terrestrial ecosystems. LSP has been studied primarily through analysis of time series of vegetation indices retrieved from passive optical sensors, such as the series of AVHRRs on polar-orbiting satellites and the pair of MODIS sensors on the Terra and Aqua platforms that provide higher spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. Most broad-scale vegetation studies use normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Here, we provide an overview of the LSP of the northern polar and high-latitude regions (≥60°N) based on MODIS data at climate modeling grid (0.05°) resolution. We demonstrate the relationship between three onset-of-greening measures and snow cover and accumulated growing degree-days. We show that the Arctic Oscillation index is significantly correlated with the peak timing of the growing seasons since 2000 for a range of ecoregions, and we demonstrate that there were more than three times as many negative NDVI changes since 2000 as positive changes (25.3% versus 7.3%) based on all land area above 60°N. We reveal that these changes are predominantly driven by minimum temperature changes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magurran, Anne E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baillie, Stephen R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buckland, Stephen T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, Jan McP</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elston, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, E. Marian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Rognvald I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerfield, Paul J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watt, Allan D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity loss</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MONITORING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-50M02G3-1/2/f3adde1acfb75c110d52bb85fb182eba</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">574-582</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0169-5347</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The growing need for baseline data against which efforts to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss can be judged highlights the importance of long-term datasets, some of which are as old as ecology itself. We review methods of evaluating change in biodiversity at the community level using these datasets, and contrast whole-community approaches with those that combine information from different species and habitats. As all communities experience temporal turnover, one of the biggest challenges is distinguishing change that can be attributed to external factors, such as anthropogenic activities, from underlying natural change. We also discuss methodological issues, such as false alerts and modifications in design, of which users of these data sets need to be aware.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, J. I. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, David J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns, Sean P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monson, Russell K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01967.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">771-783</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (1999-2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO2 uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (03B4D) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid-August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01967.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Geography, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80307, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khanduri, V. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male and female reproductive phenology and annual production of male cones in two natural populations of &lt;i&gt;Cedrus deodara&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cedrus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00335.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-127</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1756-1051</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology of reproductive cones, microsporangium dehiscence and pollen production were studied in natural populations of Cedrus deodara at two different locations, the warmer Khirsu (1800  m a.s.l.) and the cooler Teka (1900  m a.s.l.) in the Pauri forest division of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The reproductive phenophases (cone bud initiation to pollination) goes up to four months with a blooming and pollination period of one month. The prolonged period of male cones during the immature phase was due to two months dormancy, and the dormancy, in turn, could be due to high precipitation during this phase. The pattern of opening of male cones was basipetal succession. Microsporangium dehiscence was dependent on air temperature and relative air humidity with a peak between noon and 2  pm. Flowering shows a high level of asynchrony among individuals within the population, leading to a possibility for geitonogamous selfing. Annual production of male cones varies greatly from one year to the next. A reduced number of pollen cones per tree in 2001 resulted in a decline in overall annual pollen production. In conclusion, the results revealed that the production of male cones represent only one factor that substantially influences the mating system, which will interact with the flowering phenology to influence the genetic composition of the population.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00335.x</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald-Madden, Eve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter, Peter W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuller, Richard A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Tara G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Game, Edward T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montambault, Jensen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Possingham, Hugh P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring does not always count</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MONITORING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-50TPTYD-1/2/0a38c7f1e8cc8914ca3d3c2ed60432a9</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">547-550</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0169-5347</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The gross under-resourcing of conservation endeavours has placed an increasing emphasis on spending accountability. Increased accountability has led to monitoring forming a central element of conservation programs. Although there is little doubt that information obtained from monitoring can improve management of biodiversity, the cost (in time and/or money) of gaining this knowledge is rarely considered when making decisions about allocation of resources to monitoring. We present a simple framework allowing managers and policy advisors to make decisions about when to invest in monitoring to improve management.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Couvillon, Margaret J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jandt, Jennifer M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duong, N. H. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dornhaus, Anna</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ontogeny of worker body size distribution in bumble bee (&lt;i&gt;Bombus impatiens&lt;/i&gt;) colonies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colony development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ontogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01198.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-435</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Bumble bees exhibit worker size polymorphisms; highly related workers within a colony may vary up to 10-fold in body mass. As size variation is an important life history feature in bumble bees, the distribution of body sizes within the colony and how it fluctuates over the colony cycle were analysed. 2. Ten commercially purchased colonies of Bombus impatiens (Cresson) were reared in ad libitum conditions. The size of all workers present and newly emerging workers (callows) was recorded each week. 3. The average size of bumble bee workers did not change with colony age, but variation in body size tended to decrease over time. The average size of callows did not change with population size, but did tend to decrease with colony age. In all measures, there was considerable variation among colonies. 4. Colonies of B. impatiens usually produced workers with normally distributed body sizes throughout the colony life cycle. Unlike most polymorphic ants, there was no increase in worker body size with colony age or colony size. This provides the first, quantitative data on the ontogeny of bumble bee worker size distribution. The potential adaptive significance of this size variation is discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01198.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.; Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, U.K.; Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoffmann, A. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camac, J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papst, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarrad, F. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wahren, C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological changes in six Australian subalpine plants in response to experimental warming and year-to-year variation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erigeron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ITEX</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subalpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01667.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">927-937</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2745</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summary 1.The likely phenological responses of plants to climate warming can be measured through experimental manipulation of field sites, but results are rarely validated against year-to-year changes in climate. Here, we describe the response of 1–5 years of experimental warming on phenology (budding, flowering and seed maturation) of six common subalpine plant species in the Australian Alps using the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) protocol. 2.Phenological changes in some species (particularly the forb Craspedia jamesii) were detected in experimental plots within a year of warming, whereas changes in most other species (the forb Erigeron bellidioides, the shrub Asterolasia trymalioides and the graminoids Carex breviculmis and Poa hiemata) did not develop until after 2–4 years; thus, there appears to be a cumulative effect of warming for some species across multiple years. 3.There was evidence of changes in the length of the period between flowering and seed maturity in one species (P. hiemata) that led to a similar timing of seed maturation, suggesting compensation. 4.Year-to-year variation in phenology was greater than variation between warmed and control plots and could be related to differences in thawing degree days (particularly, for E. bellidioides) due to earlier timing of budding and other events under warmer conditions. However, in Carex breviculmis, there was no association between phenology and temperature changes across years. 5.These findings indicate that, although phenological changes occurred earlier in response to warming in all six species, some species showed buffered rather than immediate responses. 6.Synthesis. Warming in ITEX open-top chambers in the Australian Alps produced earlier budding, flowering and seed set in several alpine species. Species also altered the timing of these events, particularly budding, in response to year-to-year temperature variation. Some species responded immediately, whereas in others the cumulative effects of warming across several years were required before a response was detected.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Du, Jianhui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan, Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dong, Yuxiang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological response of &lt;i&gt;Nitraria tangutorum&lt;/i&gt; to climate change in Minqin County, Gansu Province, northwest China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Biometeorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">China</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitraria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0315-3</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">583-593</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0020-7128</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological data and the corresponding meteorological data are collected from the Minqin Desert Botanical Garden. Variations of phenological periods of N. tangutorum (a drought-resistant shrub) are analyzed, and correlations between the starting dates of all phenological periods and the corresponding precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity are discussed. Our conclusions suggest that the growing season of N. tangutorum has been extended by 18.3 days during 1975–2007, which has a significant correlation with yearly average temperatures. Starting and ending dates and duration time of budding period all display no apparent change, while starting date of the remaining spring phenophases shows an advance, and the ending date shows a delay. The duration time of these phenophases shows an apparent increase overall. However, the starting and ending dates of autumn’s phenological events all show a delay, and no clear trend is observed in duration time. Average short-term precipitation, temperature and relative humidity have an apparent influence on the starting date of most phenophases. However, no influences by average long-term precipitation, temperature and relative humidity were observed. The phenological variations of N. tangutorum have a great influence on its growth and reproduction, which will affect efforts to prevent desertification in the Minqin County.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer, Amy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology and citizen science</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioScience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citizen science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Project Budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Project FeederWatch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/bio.2010.60.3.3</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-175</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambers, L.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keatley, M.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology and climate – early Australian botanical records</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">botanical garden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbarium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT10105</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">473-484</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical information from the Hobart Botanical Gardens (1864–1885) was used to identify species and phenological phases that were responsive to climatic variations and have the potential to be used as climate change indicators in southern Australia. Of the 49 species considered, 26 (53%) had at least one phenophase that appeared to be driven by changes in rainfall, minimum temperature, or both. This was particularly true for fruiting species, including currants, pears and plums, and for the phenophases harvest commencement, seed ripening or fall, and fruit ripening.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marushia, Robin G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadotte, Marc W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holt, Jodie S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology as a basis for management of exotic annual plants in desert invasions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ephemeral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erodium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbicide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schismus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weed control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01881.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1290-1299</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2664</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1.Exotic annual plants are an increasingly important ecological issue and new, creative approaches to management are required. In desert ecosystems of the southwestern USA, the forbs Brassica tournefortii, Erodium cicutarium and Schismus spp. dominate and alter native annual communities. Hand weeding B. tournefortii is currently the most common control method employed, but weeding is inadequate and expensive for managing large-scale invasions. New methods must be developed to conserve and restore desert ecosystems. 2.Exotic annuals in desert systems have rapid germination and phenology compared to natives, indicating that a window for selective control of exotic annuals may occur immediately after exotic seedling emergence. We tested the role of timing in control methods by comparing a cotyledon-stage glyphosate application to a bolting-stage application and to hand weeding B. tournefortii, plus an untreated check. Treatments were tested at two sites dominated by either exotic or native annuals and followed for 2 years; early application was repeated the second year. Cover and richness were evaluated during seedling and peak flowering stages underneath and between shrubs. 3.Early glyphosate application did not affect native cover, but did reduce exotic cover. Late herbicide negatively impacted both exotics and natives. Natives had little positive response, and then only through hand weeding under shrubs, but the same treatment caused an increase in the exotic E. cicutarium. 4.Synthesis and applications.The rapid phenology of exotic annuals may be exploited to control exotics while minimizing impacts on native plants in desert communities. This approach may be useful for other invasions in other ecosystems by species with rapid, early germination, or may act as a supplement to improve the efficacy of existing management regimes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hassall,Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowe, Chris D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvey,Ian F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watts, Phillip C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson,David J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology determines seasonal variation in ectoparasite loads in a natural insect population</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ectoparasite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasite</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01210.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">514-522</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. The extent to which individuals are parasitised is a function of exposure to parasites and the immune response, which in ectotherms may be associated with temperature. 2. We test the hypothesis that seasonal variation in ectoparasite burden is driven by temperature using an extensive mark-release-recapture study of adult Coenagrion puella (L.) (Zygoptera) as a model system. Mite counts were taken both at capture and on a subset of subsequent recaptures over two entire, consecutive breeding seasons. 3. Emergence date was the most significant factor in determining individual differences in mite burden, and mean counts for individuals emerging on the same days showed strong unimodal relationships with time of season. Subsequent recounting of mites on a subset of individuals showed that patterns of loss of mites were similar between seasons. 4. While temperature did not significantly affect mite burdens within seasons and ectoparasite prevalence was very similar across the two seasons, intensity of infection and rate of mite gain in unparasitised individuals were significantly higher in the cooler season. 5. We demonstrate that, while temperature may modulate the invertebrate immune response, this modulation does not manifest in variations in mite burdens in natural populations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01210.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cresswell, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenology mismatch hypothesis: are declines of migrant birds linked to uneven global climate change?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mismatch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01610.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-108</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summary 1.Migrant bird populations are declining and have been linked to anthropogenic climate change. The phenology mismatch hypothesis predicts that migrant birds, which experience a greater rate of warming in their breeding grounds compared to their wintering grounds, are more likely to be in decline, because their migration will occur later and they may then miss the early stages of the breeding season. Population trends will also be negatively correlated with distance, because the chances of phenology mismatch increase with number of staging sites. 2.Population trends from the Palaearctic (1990–2000) and Nearctic (1980–2006) were collated for 193 spatially separate migrant bird populations, along with temperature trends for the wintering and breeding areas. An index of phenology mismatch was calculated as the difference between wintering and breeding temperature trends. 3.In the Nearctic, phenology mismatch was correlated with population declines as predicted, but in the Palaearctic, distance was more important. This suggests that differential global climate change may be responsible for contributing to some migrant species’ declines, but its effects may be more important in the Nearctic. 4.Differences in geography and so average migration distance, migrant species composition and history of anthropogenic change in the two areas may account for the differences in the strength of the importance of phenology mismatch on migrant declines in the Nearctic and Palaearctic.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subba Reddi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raju, N. S. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subba Rao, M. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination and seed set in tropical wetland grasses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen shadow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00567.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-365</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1756-1051</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study concerns 39 different grass species occurring in the wetland regions of Godavari delta in the west Godavari district (16°15′–17°30′N and 80°50′–81°55′E) of Andhra Pradesh, southern India. In each species, the sexual status of lemmas, the period of stigma receptivity, pollen/ovule ratio, pollen longevity and daily pollen release were examined. The functional sexual systems were determined after performing controlled pollinations and testing seed quality by weight and germination potential. The florets of 35 species are morphologically hermaphroditic. Among the other four species, Chionachne koenigii and Iseilema laxum are monoecious; Chrysopogon aciculatus and Pennisetum pedicellatum are andromonoecious. Examination of the sequential opening of florets and controlled pollinations revealed that C. koenigii and I. laxum are obligate outcrossers with incompatibility to geitonogamous pollen; C. aciculatus and P.pedicellatum have a high level of compatibility to xenopollen. These and another nine species were treated as predominantly outcrossing species. Yet another five species were predominantly self-fertilized, while the remaining 21 species displayed a mixed breeding system. In a majority of the species the P/O ratios are not high and thus do not conform to the expected large P/O ratios in wind-pollinated plants and postulated breeding systems except in a few species. The majority of these grasses shed pollen over a short period spreading from 2 am to 8 am, when usually low turbulent conditions exist, thus allowing short distance transport and restricted pollen shadows with higher concentration of pollen near the source. This appears to be the appropriate strategy for maximization of pollination in view of the short lifespan of pollen that extends mostly over 1–3 h period, and the patchy distribution of the grasses under study. The restricted pollen shadows facilitate the low levels of pollen production in the grass species under study to fertilize most or all the available ovules.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutchings, Michael J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The population biology of the early spider orchid &lt;i&gt;Ophrys sphegodes&lt;/i&gt; Mill. III. Demography over three decades</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ophrys</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01661.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">867-878</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2745</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Compared to animals, long-term, large-scale demographic studies based on plants are scarce. A 32-year plant-based demographic study of the rare early spider orchid Ophrys sphegodes is presented, covering periods of management by cattle grazing (1975-1979) and sheep grazing (1980-2006). 2. Annual recruitment exceeded mortality under sheep grazing, but numbers of emergent plants did not increase for many years. Eventually, following rapid population increase, numbers fluctuated strongly, with high recruitment in 1 year followed by heavy mortality the next.3. The population's distribution between different life states varied considerably, even between consecutive years with identical management. On average, almost 30% of plants were dormant. Most dormant periods lasted &lt; 4 years (c. 78% were  ≤ 2 years), but dormancy of up to 8 years was recorded. 4. Most orchids had short lives from first to last appearance, but some lived for &gt;20 years. Age-specific survivorship data yielded a half-life of 2.25 years. 5. Peak flowering date advanced by 0.5 day year−1  during the study. Flowering was earlier after warmer years and later after winters with more frosts. Inflorescence height and leaf number were positively correlated with rainfall during inflorescence extension, but negatively correlated with temperature and sunshine hours over up to a year before flowering. Higher temperature was associated with less of the population flowering and more being vegetative. The proportion in dormancy was unaffected by climatic variables. 6. Annual recruitment and mortality were positively correlated with temperature in the previous year, and annual recruitment was positively correlated with the number of flowering plants in each of the two previous years. In most years, &amp;lt;1 plant was recruited per flowering plant in each of the two previous years. 7. Despite a dramatic increase in the number of emergent plants c. 10 years after management changed to sheep grazing, and large numbers of emergent plants thereafter, mortality greatly exceeded recruitment over the last 10 years of this study. 8. Synthesis. Conservation of orchids like O. sphegodes, which have numerous 'weedy' life-history characteristics, is heavily reliant on appropriate management. Although previous management prescriptions for conservation remain valid, some site disturbance will be beneficial to recruitment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01661.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memmott,Jane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvell, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pywell, Richard F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craze,Paul G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The potential impact of global warming on the efficacy of field margins sown for the conservation of bumble-bees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1549/2071.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1549</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2071-2079</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change is expected to drive species extinct by reducing their survival, reproduction and habitat. Less well appreciated is the possibility that climate change could cause extinction by changing the ecological interactions between species. If ecologists, land managers and policy makers are to manage farmland biodiversity sustainably under global climate change, they need to understand the ways in which species interact with each other as this will affect the way they respond to climate change. Here, we consider the ability of nectar flower mixtures used in field margins to provide sufficient forage for bumble-bees under future climate change. We simulated the effect of global warming on the network of plant–pollinator interactions in two types of field margin: a four-species pollen and nectar mix and a six-species wildflower mix. While periods without flowering resources and periods with no food were rare, curtailment of the field season was very common for the bumble-bees in both mixtures. The effect of this, however, could be ameliorated by adding extra species at the start and end of the flowering season. The plant species that could be used to future-proof margins against global warming are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1098/rstb.2010.0015</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Love, Oliver</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilchrist, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Descamps, Sébastien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semeniuk, Christina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bêty, Joël</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-laying climatic cues can time reproduction to optimally match offspring hatching and ice conditions in an Arctic marine bird</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproduction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1678-1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-286</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0029-8549</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals breeding in seasonal environments are under strong selection to time reproduction to match offspring demand and the quality of the post-natal environment. Timing requires both the ability to accurately interpret the appropriate environmental cues, and the flexibility to respond to inter-annual variation in these cues. Determining which cues are linked to reproductive timing, what these cues are predicting and understanding the fitness consequences of variation in timing, is therefore of paramount interest to evolutionary and applied ecologists, especially in the face of global climate change. We investigated inter-annual relationships between climatic variation and the timing of reproduction in Canada’s largest breeding population of Arctic common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in East Bay, Nunavut. Warmer spring temperatures predicted both earlier mean annual laying dates and the earlier ice-free conditions required by ducklings for post-natal growth. Warmer springs had higher variation in this temperature cue, and the population laying distribution became increasingly positively-skewed in warmer summers, potentially indicating that more low-quality females had the opportunity to commence laying in warmer years. Females that timed laying to match duckling hatching just prior to fully ice-free conditions obtained the highest duckling survival probability. Inter-annual data on repeated breeding attempts revealed that the individuals examined show a similar degree of laying flexibility in response to climatic variation; however, there was significant individual variation in the absolute timing of laying within an average year. This work sheds light on how reproductive timing is related to and influenced by variation in local climate and provides vital information on how climate-related variation in reproductive timing influence a fitness measure in an Arctic species. Results are especially relevant to future work in polar environments given that global climatic changes are predicted to be most intense at high latitudes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Busetto, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colombo, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migliavacca, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Cremonese</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meroni, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galvagno, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossini, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. Siniscalco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morra Di Cella, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pari, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing of larch phenological cycle and analysis of relationships with climate in the Alpine region</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02189.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2504-2517</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims at developing a remote sensing technique for monitoring the interannual variability of the European larch phenological cycle in the Alpine region of Aosta Valley (Northern Italy) and to evaluate its relationships with climatic factors. Phenological field observations were conducted in eight test sites from 2005 to 2007 to determine the dates of completion of different phenological phases. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) 250 m 16-days normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series were fitted with double logistic curves and the dates corresponding to different features of the curves were determined. Comparison with field data showed that the features of the fitted NDVI curve that allowed the best estimate of the start and end of the growing season were the zeroes of its third derivative (MAE of 6 and 4 days, respectively). The start and end of season were also estimated with the spring warming (SW) and growing season index (GSI) phenological models. MODIS start and end of season dates generally agreed with those obtained by the SW and GSI climate-driven phenological models. However, phenological models provided erroneous results when applied in years with anomalous meteorological conditions. The relationships between interannual variability of the larch phenological cycle and climate were investigated by comparing the mean start and end of season yearly anomalies with air temperature anomalies. A strong linear relationship (R2=0.91) was found between mean spring temperatures and mean start of season dates, with an increase of 1 °C in mean spring temperature leading to a 7-day anticipation of mean larch bud-burst date. Leaf coloring dates were found to be best related with mean September temperature (R2=0.77), but with higher spring temperatures appearing to lead to earlier leaf coloring.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aizen, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rovere, A. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive interactions mediated by flowering overlap in a temperate hummingbird–plant assemblage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hummingbird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pbd</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenological overlap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shared pollinators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17762.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">696-706</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1600-0706</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator-mediated competition through shared pollinators can lead to segregated flowering phenologies, but empirical evidence for the process responsible for this flowering pattern is sparse. During two flowering seasons, we examined whether increasing overlap in flowering phenology decreased conspecific pollination, increased heterospecific pollination, and depressed seed output in the seven species composing a hummingbird–plant assemblage from the temperate forest of southern South America. Overall trends were summarized using meta-analysis. Despite prevailing negative associations, relations between phenological overlap and conspecific pollen receipt varied extensively among species and between years. Heterospecific pollen receipt was low and presumably of limited biological significance. However, our results supported the hypothesis that concurrent flowering promotes interspecific pollen transfer, after accounting for changes in the abundance of conspecific flowers. Seed output was consistently reduced during maximum phenological overlap during the first flowering season because of limited fruit set. Responses varied more during the second year, despite an overall negative trend among species. Relations between estimated effects of phenological overlap on pollination and seed output, however, provided mixed evidence that conspecific pollen loss during pollinator visits to foreign flowers increases pollen limitation. By flowering together, different plant species might benefit each other's pollination by increasing hummingbird recruitment at the landscape level. Nevertheless, our results are mostly consistent with the hypothesis of pollinator-mediated competition shaping the segregated flowering pattern reported previously for this temperate plant assemblage. The mechanisms likely involve effects on male function, whereby pollen-transport loss during heterospecific flower visits limit pollen export, and more variable effects on female function through pollen limitation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vieira, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silveira, F. A. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive phenology, seed germination and ex situ conservation of &lt;i&gt;Pseudananas sagenarius&lt;/i&gt; in a semi-deciduous tropical forest fragment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bromeliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruiting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudananas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling bank</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00292.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Asia</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-220</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding the life history and ecophysiology of native species is crucial for the restoration of fragmented landscapes, such as the Atlantic Forest. In the present study, we examined the reproductive phenology and specific germination requirements of Pseudananas sagenarius (Bromeliaceae), an understory perennial herb from semi-deciduous tropical forests. The reproductive phenology was followed for 24 months and the effects of light and temperature on germination were evaluated under constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C for both light and dark conditions. Seeds were also stored for 24 and 36 months before being allowed to germinate at optimum conditions. The reproduction of P. sagenarius was supra-annual, extended, irregular and non-synchronic, with seed dispersal occurring at the onset of the rainy season. Seeds are small, orthodox and photoblastic, and the optimum temperature for germination was 25°C, which is consistent with the soil surface temperature at dispersal. Stored seeds showed a minor decrease in germinability, but maintained their viability after 36 months. Recruitment from seed is likely to occur at the onset of the rainy season or after gap formation. Our results suggest that P. sagenarius has the potential to form seedling banks and that seeds retain their germinative potential after storage.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varpe, Øystein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiksen, Øyvind</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal plankton–fish interactions: light regime, prey phenology, and herring foraging</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plankton</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-1817.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311-318</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When prey and predator are seasonal migrants, encounters depend on migration phenologies and environmental constraints on predation. Here we investigate the relative contribution of seasonality in irradiance and prey abundance in shaping the rapid seasonal body condition increase of a migrating predator searching visually for its prey: the Norwegian spring-spawning herring, Clupea harengus, feeding on the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Two main seasonal pulses of prey are available to herring: (1) the parent generation of C. finmarchicus, with peak abundance in March–April, which appear too early to cause the main increase in herring condition; and (2) the abundant offspring generation of C. finmarchicus, with peak abundance in June–July, too late to explain the main increase in body condition. However, a mechanistic model of ingestion rate, including both solar irradiance and prey abundance, predicted seasonal food intake in good accordance with observed herring body condition. This suggests that the seasonality in herring foraging and energy storage is closely linked to the return of longer days in spring, and less dependent on a match or mismatch with seasonal peaks in abundance of their zooplankton prey. Consequently, light related constraints on foraging may make visually searching predators at high latitudes resilient to changes and fluctuations in prey phenology and abundance, but vulnerable to changes in the light regime, such as water clarity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tng, D.Y.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hopf, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haberle, S.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowman, D.M.J.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal pollen distribution in the atmosphere of Hobart, Tasmania: preliminary observations and congruence with flowering phenology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">airborne pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">allergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atmospheric pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tasmania</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT10095</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">440-452</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The atmospheric pollen loads of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, were monitored between September 2007 and July 2009. To examine the match of the airborne pollen composition with the flowering duration of their contributing plants, the phenology of native and non-native plants in various habitats near the pollen-trapping site was undertaken between August 2008 and July 2009. The pollen load was found to have a strong seasonal component associated with the start of spring in September. This is incongruent with the peak flowering season of the total taxa in October. In most taxa, atmospheric pollen signatures appeared before flowering was observed in the field. The presence of most pollen types in the atmosphere also exceeded the observed flowering duration of potential pollen-source taxa. Reasons for this may be related to the sampling effort of phenological monitoring, pollen blown in from earlier flowering populations outside of the sampling area, the ability of pollen to be reworked, and the large pollen production of some wind-pollinated taxa. In 2007–2008, 15 pollen types dominated the atmosphere, accounting for 90% of the airborne pollen load. The top six pollen types belonged to Betula, Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Salix, Poaceae and Ulmus. Comparatively, the annual pollen load of Hobart is lower than in most other Australian cities; however, the pollen signal of Betula is inordinately high. Native plants play a minor role as pollen contributors, despite the proximity of native habitats to the pollen-sampling location. The implications of the aerobiological observations are discussed in relation to public health.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goto, Ryutaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okamoto, Tomoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiers, E. Toby</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawakita, Atsushi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, Makoto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selective flower abortion maintains moth cooperation in a newly discovered pollination mutualism</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood site pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epicephala</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glochidion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selective flower abortion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01425.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-329</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-0248</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The evolutionary stability of mutualisms is enhanced when partners possess mechanisms to prevent overexploitation by one another. In obligate pollination-seed consumption mutualisms, selective abortion of flowers containing excessive eggs represents one such mechanism, but empirical tests have long been limited to the yucca-yucca moth mutualism. We present evidence for selective abortion in the recently discovered mutualism between Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths. In Glochidion acuminatum, proportion of aborted flowers progressively increased both with higher egg load and increased ovule damage. Selective abortion resulted in a 16% seed production increase compared with expectations under random abortion, and moths suffered fitness losses as high as 62% when ovipositing into pre-infested flowers. Moth eggs were laid singly more often than expected under random oviposition, thus avoiding potential disadvantages from multiple infestations. As new pollination mutualisms are being discovered, selective abortion mechanisms may prove to be more widespread than previously thought.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01425.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Faculteit der Aard en Levenswetenschappen, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staggemeier, V. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diniz-Filho, J. A. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morellato, L.P.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The shared influence of phylogeny and ecology on the reproductive patterns of Myrteae (Myrtaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruiting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01717.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1409-1421</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2745</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1.Many factors shape plant reproductive patterns including climate, competition or attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers, flower and fruit morphologies and phylogenetic relationships. South American Myrtaceae (Myrteae) were chosen to evaluate hypotheses on how abiotic and biotic factors, morphology and phylogeny influence plant reproductive phenology. 2.We examined whether Myrteae reproductive patterns are seasonal and related to climate; whether aggregated or segregated flowering and fruiting occur among species sharing pollinators or seed dispersers; the relationship between phenological and morphological traits, time of reproduction and Myrteae phylogenetic history; and the shared influence of ecological (environmental) and phylogenetic factors on Myrteae reproductive patterns. 3.We observed flowering and fruiting of 34 Myrteae species during 30 months in an Atlantic rain forest (south-eastern Brazil). We employed circular statistics to test for seasonality and multiple regressions to relate climate and phenology. Competition and facilitation hypotheses were tested using null models. We quantified the phylogenetic signal on phenology and morphology of Myrteae species using phylogenetic eigenvector regression (PVR) analyses, and used PVR and partial regressions to quantify the influences of ecology and phylogeny on phenology. 4.Myrteae flowered seasonally, whereas fruiting was not seasonal. Environmental factors (day-length and temperature) and associations with biotic vectors through facilitation hypothesis explained the aggregated blossom. Fruit maturation time affected the species’ flowering sequence. Plants with longer fruit maturation times flowered at the end of the appropriate season, explaining the continuous fruit availability despite the seasonal flowering. The random fruiting pattern explained the regular presence of seed dispersers. Myrteae phenology was phylogenetically structured, even when phenophases were not seasonal, i.e., closer related species fruited under more similar environmental conditions, suggesting that the reproductive phenological niche was inherited along the course of evolution. We detected a shared influence of ecology and phylogeny on Myrteae phenological responses, and the ecological component explained better phenological variation than phylogeny.5.Synthesis. We provided a new perspective on plant phenology based on phylogeny and ecology and demonstrated the importance of considering their shared influence in phenological studies. Our analyses can be employed for the most representative families of highly diverse ecosystems to improve our understanding of evolutionary patterns and general trends in phenology.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bourgault, Patrice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, Don</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perret, Philippe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blondel, Jacques</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring vegetation phenology is a robust predictor of breeding date across broad landscapes: a multi-site approach using the Corsican blue tit (&lt;i&gt;Cyanistes caeruleus&lt;/i&gt;)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1545-0</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">885-892</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The regulation of reproductive schedules is an important determinant of avian breeding success. In heterogeneous environments, the optimal breeding period may fluctuate temporally across habitats, often on a spatial scale much shorter than the average dispersal range of individuals. The synchronisation of reproductive events with the most favourable period at a given site therefore involves the integration of a suite of fine-scale environmental signals which contain information about future breeding conditions. In this study, we monitored clutch initiation date of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) breeding in a wide range of environmental conditions (altitude, temperature regimes, habitat type) in Corsica (France) to understand the role of spring temperature and leafing phenology on the precise fine-tuning of egg laying on a local scale. Timing of breeding in blue tits was strongly correlated with phenology of the dominant vegetation (r 2 = 0.87). In contrast, spring temperature was not as robust a predictor of the timing of breeding, because a large part of the residual variation in egg-laying date was accounted by differences (ca. 2 weeks) in the development of the vegetation between habitat types (evergreen vs. deciduous oak forests). Female blue tits therefore appear to use the environmental variable (vegetation phenology) that is most closely linked to the future production of insect prey in order to accurately time laying over the entire spatio-temporal breeding landscape.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00442-009-1545-0</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Altermatt, Florian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tell me what you eat and I’ll tell you when you fly: Diet can predict phenological changes in response to climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flight period</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lepidoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">voltinism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01534.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1475-1484</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-0248</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1475–1484 Abstract Changes in phenology are correlated with climate change. However, we still struggle to understand the traits making species susceptible to climate change, and the implications of species’ reactions for communities and food webs. Butterflies and moths are an ecologically important group that have shown pronounced phenological changes over the last decades. Tests using a &gt; 150-year dataset from 566 European butterfly and moth species demonstrated that variation in phenological change was strongly related to traits describing plant–herbivore interactions (larval diet breadth, diet composition), and the life cycle. The results indicate that climate change related shifts in phenology are correlated with the seasonal availability and palatability of food plants. Lepidopterans feeding on herbaceous plants showed smaller shifts in flight periods but larger increases in voltinism than lepidopterans feeding on woody plants. Consequently, the effect of herbivorous lepidopterans may increase in herb-rich grassland ecosystems under warmer conditions, and not in forest ecosystems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thackeray, S. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederiksen, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burthe, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacon, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bell, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botham, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brereton, T. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bright, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clutton-Brock, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dawson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrington, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johns, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, I. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, J. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leech, D. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roy, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, W. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smithers, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winfield, I. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanless, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meta-analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic mismatch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02165.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">no-no</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent changes in the seasonal timing (phenology) of familiar biological events have been one of the most conspicuous signs of climate change. However, the lack of a standardized approach to analysing change has hampered assessment of consistency in such changes among different taxa and trophic levels and across freshwater, terrestrial and marine environments. We present a standardized assessment of 25 532 rates of phenological change for 726 UK terrestrial, freshwater and marine taxa. The majority of spring and summer events have advanced, and more rapidly than previously documented. Such consistency is indicative of shared large scale drivers. Furthermore, average rates of change have accelerated in a way that is consistent with observed warming trends. Less coherent patterns in some groups of organisms point to the agency of more local scale processes and multiple drivers. For the first time we show a broad scale signal of differential phenological change among trophic levels; across environments advances in timing were slowest for secondary consumers, thus heightening the potential risk of temporal mismatch in key trophic interactions. If current patterns and rates of phenological change are indicative of future trends, future climate warming may exacerbate trophic mismatching, further disrupting the functioning, persistence and resilience of many ecosystems and having a major impact on ecosystem services.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thackeray, Stephen J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, Timothy H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederiksen, Morten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burthe, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacon, Philip J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bell, James R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botham, Marc S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brereton, Tom M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bright, Paul W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, Laurence</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clutton-Brock, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dawson, Alistair</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, J. Malcolm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrington,Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johns, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, Ian D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, James T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leech, David I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roy, David B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, W. Andy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Matt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smithers, Richard J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winfield, Ian J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanless, Sarah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meta-analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic mismatch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02165.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3304-3313</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent changes in the seasonal timing (phenology) of familiar biological events have been one of the most conspicuous signs of climate change. However, the lack of a standardized approach to analysing change has hampered assessment of consistency in such changes among different taxa and trophic levels and across freshwater, terrestrial and marine environments. We present a standardized assessment of 25 532 rates of phenological change for 726 UK terrestrial, freshwater and marine taxa. The majority of spring and summer events have advanced, and more rapidly than previously documented. Such consistency is indicative of shared large scale drivers. Furthermore, average rates of change have accelerated in a way that is consistent with observed warming trends. Less coherent patterns in some groups of organisms point to the agency of more local scale processes and multiple drivers. For the first time we show a broad scale signal of differential phenological change among trophic levels; across environments advances in timing were slowest for secondary consumers, thus heightening the potential risk of temporal mismatch in key trophic interactions. If current patterns and rates of phenological change are indicative of future trends, future climate warming may exacerbate trophic mismatching, further disrupting the functioning, persistence and resilience of many ecosystems and having a major impact on ecosystem services.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genner, Martin J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halliday, Nicholas C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, Stephen D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southward, Alan J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawkins, Stephen J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, David W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature-driven phenological changes within a marine larval fish assemblage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Plankton Res.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fish</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mismatch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plankton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spawning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/fbp082v1</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fbp082</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most marine teleosts have a pelagic phase during their early life history, but few studies have investigated how the timing of events within the planktonic larval fish assemblage is related to environmental variability. We examined this issue using a data series of 534 larval fish samples collected between 1975 and 1987 in the Western English Channel, near Plymouth, UK. Two sets of species were identified: spring spawning (April to July) and summer spawning (July to September). The timing of appearance of the spring-spawning group in the plankton was significantly dependent on sea temperatures the previous November and December, with earlier appearance during cooler years. We suggest that this could be due to colder years triggering earlier winter migration of adults from cool inshore habitat to warmer offshore overwintering grounds, which in turn results in earlier gonad maturation and spawning. In contrast, the timing of appearance of the summer-spawning group was significantly dependent on sea temperatures the preceding March, with earlier spawning during warmer years. This may be due exclusively to more rapid gonad maturation in offshore waters. These data emphasize that marine fish populations do not always respond uniformly to temperature change. Moreover, since appropriate timing of larval fish appearance in the plankton may be critical for the match or mismatch with essential trophic resources, the thermally induced phenological changes identified have potential to influence annual recruitment success.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aasa, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wadsworth, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes and patterns in biologically relevant temperatures in Europe 1941-2000</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 10, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v39/n3/p191-207/</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-207</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We took daily near-surface air temperature data from across Europe to calculate a series of 12 biologically relevant temperature summaries. Mean values for two 30 yr periods, 1941–1970 and 1971–2000, were compared and rates of change calculated for those meteorological stations with sufficient data. We generated contour maps for these temperature summaries for both 30 yr periods and for the difference between them; we believe these are the first such maps for over a century. Change was most pronounced and most consistent in those variables describing the onset of spring. Between 1971 and 2000, the thermal start of the growing season began on average 0.36 d yr–1 earlier and ended 0.10 d yr–1 later, suggesting an 11 d earlier beginning and 3 d later end of the growing season over the 30 yr period. For all but one of the temperature summaries, change has accelerated in recent time; however, change was not uniform across Europe. </style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forrest, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, James D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator experience, neophobia and the evolution of flowering time</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">color preference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hysteresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 7, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1658/935.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1658</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">276</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">935-943</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental changes, such as current climate warming, can exert directional selection on reproductive phenology. In plants, evolution of earlier flowering requires that the individuals bearing genes for early flowering successfully reproduce; for non-selfing, zoophilous species, this means that early flowering individuals must be visited by pollinators. In a laboratory experiment with artificial flowers, we presented captive bumble-bees () with flower arrays representing stages in the phenological progression of a two-species plant community: Bees that had been foraging on flowers of one colour were confronted with increasing numbers of flowers of a second colour. Early flowering individuals of the second &quot;species&quot; were significantly under-visited, because bees avoided unfamiliar flowers, particularly when these were rare. We incorporated these aspects of bee foraging behaviour (neophobia and positive frequency dependence) in a simulation model of flowering-time evolution for a plant population experiencing selection against late flowering. Unlike simple frequency dependence, a lag in pollinator visitation prevented the plant population from responding to selection and led to declines in population size. Pollinator behaviour thus has the potential to constrain evolutionary adjustments of flowering phenology.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kameyama, Yoshiaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kudo, Gaku</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, &lt;i&gt;Phyllodoce aleutica&lt;/i&gt;: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Bot</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptic self-incompatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcrossing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllodoce</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/103/9/1385</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1385-1394</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background and Aims: Because of differences in snowmelt time, the reproductive phenologies of alpine plants are highly variable among local populations, and there is large variation in seed set across populations. Temporal variation in pollinator availability during the season may be a major factor affecting not only seed production but also outcrossing rate of alpine plants. Methods: Among local populations of Phyllodoce aleutica that experience different snowmelt regimes, flowering phenology, pollinator availability, seed-set rate, and outcrossing rate were compared with reference to the mating system (self-compatibility or heterospecific compatibility with a co-occurring congeneric species). Key Results: Flowering occurred sequentially among populations reflecting snowmelt time from mid-July to late August. The visit frequency of bumble-bees increased substantially in late July when workers appeared. Both seed set and outcrossing rate increased as flowering season progressed. Although flowers were self-compatible and heterospecific compatible, the mixed-pollination experiment revealed that fertilization with conspecific, outcrossing pollen took priority over selfing and hybridization, indicating a cryptic self-incompatibility. In early snowmelt populations, seed production was pollen-limited and autogamous selfing was common. However, genetic analyses revealed that selfed progenies did not contribute to the maintenance of populations due to late-acting inbreeding depression. Conclusions: Large variations in seed-set and outcrossing rates among populations were caused by the timing of pollinator availability during the season and the cryptic self-incompatibility of this species. Despite the intensive pollen limitation in part of the early season, reproductive assurance by autogamous selfing was not evident. Under fluctuating conditions of pollinator availability and flowering structures, P. aleutica maintained the genetic composition by conspecific outcrossing.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steltzer, Heidi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landry, Chris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Painter, Thomas H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayres, Edward</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological consequences of earlier snowmelt from desert dust deposition in alpine landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 14, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pnas.org/content/106/28/11629.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11629-11634</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dust deposition to mountain snow cover, which has increased since the late 19 century, accelerates the rate of snowmelt by increasing the solar radiation absorbed by the snowpack. Snowmelt occurs earlier, but is decoupled from seasonal warming. Climate warming advances the timing of snowmelt and early season phenological events (e.g., the onset of greening and flowering); however, earlier snowmelt without warmer temperatures may have a different effect on phenology. Here, we report the results of a set of snowmelt manipulations in which radiation-absorbing fabric and the addition and removal of dust from the surface of the snowpack advanced or delayed snowmelt in the alpine tundra. These changes in the timing of snowmelt were superimposed on a system where the timing of snowmelt varies with topography and has been affected by increased dust loading. At the community level, phenology exhibited a threshold response to the timing of snowmelt. Greening and flowering were delayed before seasonal warming, after which there was a linear relationship between the date of snowmelt and the timing of phenological events. Consequently, the effects of earlier snowmelt on phenology differed in relation to topography, which resulted in increasing synchronicity in phenology across the alpine landscape with increasingly earlier snowmelt. The consequences of earlier snowmelt from increased dust deposition differ from climate warming and include delayed phenology, leading to synchronized growth and flowering across the landscape and the opportunity for altered species interactions, landscape-scale gene flow via pollination, and nutrient cycling.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saino, Nicola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubolini, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehikoinen,Esa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sokolov, Leonid V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonisoli-Alquati, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ambrosini, Roberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boncoraglio, Giuseppe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Møller, Anders P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change effects on migration phenology may mismatch brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood parasite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cuckoo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 23, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/4/539.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539-541</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological responses to climate change vary among taxa and across trophic levels. This can lead to a mismatch between the life cycles of ecologically interrelated populations (e.g. predators and prey), with negative consequences for population dynamics of some of the interacting species. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that climate change might disrupt the association between the life cycles of the common cuckoo (&lt;i&gt;Cuculus canorus&lt;/i&gt;), a migratory brood parasitic bird, and its hosts. We investigated changes in timing of spring arrival of the cuckoo and its hosts throughout Europe over six decades, and found that short-distance, but not long-distance, migratory hosts have advanced their arrival more than the cuckoo. Hence, cuckoos may keep track of phenological changes of long-distance, but not short-distance migrant hosts, with potential consequences for breeding of both cuckoo and hosts. The mismatch to some of the important hosts may contribute to the decline of cuckoo populations and explain some of the observed local changes in parasitism rates of migratory hosts.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwartz, Mark D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnathan M Hanes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short Communication</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/publications/Schwartz2009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Luedeling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M. Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.H. Girvetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climatic Changes Lead to Declining Winter Chill for Fruit and Nut Trees in California during 1950–2099</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/Luedeling etal 2009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-9</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;refHTML&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of climate change on the flora of Thoreau's Concord</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arnoldia</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-9</style></pages></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weltzin, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology as a tool to link ecology and sustainable decision making in a dynamic environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://usanpn.org/files/shared/publications/Miller-Rushing_Weltzin_2009_NewPhytol.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743–745</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sachet, Jean-Marie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poncet, Bénédicte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roques, Alain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Després, Laurence</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive radiation through phenological shift: the importance of the temporal niche in species diversification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed predator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01045.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-89</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Phenological shift in oviposition in seed predators may be a key factor for adaptive radiation if temporal differences lead to less intense competition. 2. This hypothesis was tested at two sites in the French Alps in three sympatric species of larch cone flies grouped into two phenological groups (early and late) differing in adult emergence and oviposition timing by approximately 2 weeks. The present study assessed the intensity of competition within and between groups by measuring four larval traits. Cone traits were measured, and the impact of early species parasitism on cone development was assessed. 3. The occupation of the central axis of a developing cone by one early larva has a strong detrimental effect on cone growth and seed production. However, there was almost no correlation between the variables measured on the cones and on the larvae, suggesting that the resources available were not limiting. 4. Inter-group competition had no significant effect on early larvae. In contrast, both inter- and intra-group competition had a significant negative effect on late larvae length (-11% and -16% respectively), dry mass (-8% and -23%), and lipid mass (-15% and -26%). The intensity of competition was stronger among larvae in the same phenological group, which is consistent with the hypothesis that shifts in oviposition promote adaptive radiation in larch cone flies by reducing competition among larvae.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01045.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratoire dEcologie Alpine, UMR 5553, Universit Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex, France; INRA UR633 Centre dOrlans, Olivet Cedex, France</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitasse, Yann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delzon, Sylvain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bresson, Caroline C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michalet, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kremer, Antoine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Altitudinal differentiation in growth and phenology among populations of temperate-zone tree species growing in a common garden</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Forest Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitudinal gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">common garden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraxinus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nrc/cjfr/2009/00000039/00000007/art00002</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1259-1269</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the study was to determine whether there are genetic variations in growth and leaf phenology (flushing and senescence) among populations of six woody species (Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ilex aquifolium L., and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) along altitudinal gradients, using a common-garden experiment. We found (i) significant differences in phenology and growth among provenances for most species and (ii) evidence that these among-population differences in phenology were related to the annual temperature at the provenance sites for ash, beech, and oak. It is noteworthy that along the same climatic gradient, species can exhibit opposing genetic clines: beech populations from high elevations flushed earlier than those from low elevations, whereas we observed the opposite trend for ash and oak. For most species, significant altitudinal clines for growth were also revealed. Finally, we highlighted the fact that both phenology timing and growth rate were highly consistent from year to year. The results demonstrated that despite the proximity of the populations in their natural area, differences in altitude led to genetic differentiation in their phenology and growth. These adaptive capacities acting along a natural climatic gradient could allow populations to cope with current climate change.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koeller, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuentes-Yaco, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platt, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sathyendranath, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ouellet, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orr, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skuladottir, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wieland, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savard, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">others</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basin-Scale Coherence in Phenology of Shrimps and Phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5928</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AAAS</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">791</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jentsch, Anke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreyling, Juergen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boettcher-Treschkow, Jegor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beierkuhnlein,  Carl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyond gradual warming: extreme weather events alter flower phenology of European grassland and heath species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CALLUNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extreme weather</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering length</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holcus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01690.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">837-849</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifts in the phenology of plant and animal species or in the migratory arrival of birds are seen as 'fingerprints' of global warming. However, even if such responses have been documented in large continent-wide datasets of the northern hemisphere, all studies to date correlate the phenological pattern of various taxa with gradual climatic trends. Here, we report a previously unobserved phenomenon: severe drought and heavy rain events caused phenological shifts in plants of the same magnitude as one decade of gradual warming. We present data from two vegetation periods in an experimental setting containing the first evidence of shifted phenological response of 10 grassland and heath species to simulated 100-year extreme weather events in Central Europe. Averaged over all species, 32 days of drought significantly advanced the mid-flowering date by 4 days. The flowering length was significantly extended by 4 days. Heavy rainfall (170 mm over 14 days) had no significant effect on the mid-flowering date. However, heavy rainfall reduced the flowering length by several days. Observed shifts were species-specific, (e.g. drought advanced the mid-flowering date for Holcus lanatus by 1.5 days and delayed the mid-flowering date for Calluna vulgaris by 5.7 days, heavy rain advanced mid-flowering date of Lotus corniculatus by 26.6 days and shortened the flowering length of the same species by 36.9 days). Interestingly, the phenological response of individual species was modified by community composition. For example, the mid-flowering date of C. vulgaris was delayed after drought by 9.3 days in communities composed of grasses and dwarf shrubs compared with communities composed of dwarf shrubs only. This indicates that responses to extreme events are context specific. Additionally, the phenological response of experimental communities to extreme weather events can be modified by the functional diversity of a stand. Future studies on phenological response patterns related to climate change would profit from explicitly addressing the role of extreme weather events.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01690.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsumoto, Kazuho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causal factors for spatial variation in long-term phenological trends in &lt;i&gt;Ginkgo biloba&lt;/i&gt; L. in Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginkgo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1969</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1097-0088</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distinct plant phenological changes caused by increasing temperature have been reported in several regions. However, spatial patterns in long-term phenological trends and their causal factors have not been fully examined. Attempts were made to address these issues using a long-term (1961-2000) phenological dataset (budding and leaf fall dates) for Ginkgo biloba L. from 60 meteorological stations in Japan. Although many stations indicated earlier budding and delayed leaf fall, there were large differences among stations. First, the author tried to understand the spatial variation patterns of the long-term phenological trends relative to geography. However, there was no significant relationship between phenological trends and geographical variables: latitude, longitude, and altitude, with the exception of a negative relationship between the trend of leaf fall date and latitude. Second, relationships between phenological trends, long-term trends in air temperature, and phenological sensitivity of Ginkgo to variations in air temperature were investigated as direct causal factors for spatial variations in phenological trends. With respect to the air temperature trend, a negative relationship was found with the budding trend, but there was no obvious relationship with the leaf fall trend. On the other hand, the spatial variability of the phenological sensitivity to temperature was relatively large and displayed a significant linear relationship with trends in budding and leaf fall. Where trees had higher sensitivity to temperature, they showed earlier budding and delayed leaf fall. The results obtained from multiple linear regressions indicated that the spatial variations in phenological trends were dependent more on phenological sensitivity to air temperature than temperature trends. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/joc.1969</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wesołowski, Tomasz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maziarz, Marta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in breeding phenology and performance of wood warblers &lt;i&gt;Phylloscopus sibilatrix&lt;/i&gt; in a primeval forest: A thirty-year perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tActa Ornithologica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clutch size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/000164509X464902</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-80</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0001-6454</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive behaviour of Wood Warblers was studied in a primeval forest area in the Białowieża National Park (E Poland). Observations carried out during twelve seasons (1976–1979,1985–1988, 2002–2005) in deciduous and coniferous old-growth habitats spanned a 30-year period. The present paper examines whether the birds advanced their breeding dates during that time and whether any long-term shifts in fecundity or productivity were detectable. Though temperatures in the settlement period (the second half of April) rose, neither males nor females significantly advanced their dates of arrival. Wood Warblers bred earlier in 2002–2005 than in the two previous periods — the combined effect of earlier female arrival and shortening of post settlement breaks. Clutch size declined with season, was smaller in the coniferous habitat and in rodent outbreak years, but no long-term trend was perceptible. Apart from two exceptionally successful years (2003 and 2004) breeding losses remained high during the whole study. Predation was responsible for 80–95% of them and was concentrated on the nestling stage. Overall Wood Warbler phenology and breeding performance in BNP have changed relatively little during the last 30 years. These findings support the results of other studies demonstrating the remarkable resilience of this primeval forest biota to environmental change.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaston, Anthony J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilchrist, H. Grant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mallory, Mark L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Paul A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in seasonal events, peak food availability, and consequent breeding adjustment in a marine bird: A case of progressive mismatching</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Condor</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mismatch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">murre</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NAO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1525/cond.2009.080077</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-119</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The breeding schedules of birds may not change at a rate sufficient to keep up with the current pace of climate change, causing reduced reproductive success. This disruption of synchrony is called the “mismatch hypothesis.” We analyzed data on the breeding of Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) at a colony in northern Hudson Bay, Canada, to examine the relative importance of matched and mismatched timing in determining the growth rates of nestlings. From 1988 to 2007 the date of break-up and 50% clearance of sea ice in surrounding waters advanced by 17 days, and the date on which the count of murres at the colony peaked, an index of food availability, advanced by the same amount. However, the median date of egg-laying advanced by only 5 days so that the number of days between the date of hatching and the date of peak attendance and 50% ice cover increased over the study period. Nestlings' growth was reduced in years when the counts of attending adults peaked early in the season and early relative to the date of hatching. These observations suggest that the timing of breeding is not advancing to keep pace with changes in the timing of events in the arctic marine environment, leading to greater difficulty in provisioning nestlings. We also demonstrate a relationship between the state of the North Atlantic Oscillation and both the date of peak colony attendance and the growth of nestlings. This relationship suggests that large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions influence the availability of prey for murres, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not yet understood. Our results support the idea that mismatching of avian breeding cycles with peaks in food abundance is an important consequence of global climate change.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dharaneeswaran, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the flora of Thoreau</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">500–508</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Both, Christiaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Asch. Margriet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bijlsma, Rob G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Burg, Arnold B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visser, Marcel E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change and unequal phenological changes across four trophic levels: constraints or adaptations?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caterpillar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01458.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-83</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change has been shown to affect the phenology of many organisms, but interestingly these shifts are often unequal across trophic levels, causing a mismatch between the phenology of organisms and their food. We consider two alternative hypotheses: consumers are constrained to adjust sufficiently to the lower trophic level, or prey species react more strongly than their predators to reduce predation. We discuss both hypotheses with our analyses of changes in phenology across four trophic levels: tree budburst, peak biomass of herbivorous caterpillars, breeding phenology of four insectivorous bird species and an avian predator. In our long-term study, we show that between 1988 and 2005, budburst advanced (not significantly) with 0·17 d y-1, while between 1985 and 2005 both caterpillars (0·75 d year-1) and the hatching date of the passerine species (range for four species: 0·3620130·50 d year-1) have advanced, whereas raptor hatching dates showed no trend. The caterpillar peak date was closely correlated with budburst date, as were the passerine hatching dates with the peak caterpillar biomass date. In all these cases, however, the slopes were significantly less than unity, showing that the response of the consumers is weaker than that of their food. This was also true for the avian predator, for which hatching dates were not correlated with the peak availability of fledgling passerines. As a result, the match between food demand and availability deteriorated over time for both the passerines and the avian predators. These results could equally well be explained by consumers' insufficient responses as a consequence of constraints in adapting to climate change, or by them trying to escape predation from a higher trophic level, or both. Selection on phenology could thus be both from matches of phenology with higher and lower levels, and quantifying these can shed new light on why some organisms do adjust their phenology to climate change, while others do not.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01458.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Ecology Group, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands; ; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands; and ; Bargerveen Foundation/Department of Animal Ecology,Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwartz, Mark D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanes, Jonathan M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continental-scale phenology: warming and chilling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chilling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lilac</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2014</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1097-0088</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With abundant evidence of recent climate warming, most vegetation studies have concentrated on its direct impacts, such as modifications to seasonal plant and animal life cycle events (phenology). The most common examples are indications of earlier onset of spring plant growth and delayed onset of autumn senescence. However, less attention has been paid to the implications of continued warming for plant species' chilling requirements. Many woody plants that grow in temperate areas require a certain amount of winter chilling to break dormancy and prepare to respond to springtime warming. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of plant species' responses to warming must also include the potential impacts of insufficient chilling.When collected at continental scale, plant species phenological data can be used to extract information relating to the combined impacts of warming and reduced chilling on plant species physiology. In this brief study, we demonstrate that common lilac first leaf and first bloom phenology (collected from multiple locations in the western United States and matched with air temperature records) can estimate the species' chilling requirement (1748 chilling hours, base 7.2 °C) and highlight the changing impact of warming on the plant's phenological response in light of that requirement. Specifically, when chilling is above the requirement, lilac first leaf/first bloom dates advance at a rate of -5.0/-4.2 days per 100-h reduction in chilling accumulation, while when chilling is below the requirement, they advance at a much reduced rate of -1.6/-2.2 days per 100-h reduction. With continental-scale phenology data being collected by the USA National Phenology Network (), these and more complex ecological questions related to warming and chilling can be addressed for other plant species in future studies. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/joc.2014</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askeyev, Oleg V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks,Tim H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askeyev, Igor V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earliest recorded Tatarstan skylark in 2008: non-linear response to temperature suggests advances in arrival dates may accelerate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alauda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">skylark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-192</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The return of the skylark Alauda arvensis is a traditional harbinger of spring in Centraland Eastern Europe. The record analysed in this study of skylark arrivals in the eastern extremity ofEurope is one of the longest extant records of bird migration in the world (131 yr between 1811 and2008). In the last 30 yr there has been a rapid increase in March temperatures (ca. 3.7°C) and anadvance in the arrival date of skylarks (11 d). 2008 was the earliest year in the whole record. Theresponse of skylark migration to temperature is shown to be non-linear and it is anticipated thatadvances in arrival dates will now accelerate as temperatures continue to rise.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashton, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutiérrez, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Robert J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of temperature and elevation on habitat use by a rare mountain butterfly: implications for species responses to climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caterpillar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microhabitat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parnassius</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermoregulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01068.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">437-446</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. The present study used the mountain specialist butterfly Parnassius apollo as a model system to investigate how climate change may alter habitat requirements for species at their warm range margins. 2. Larval habitat use was recorded in six P. apollo populations over a 700 m elevation gradient in the Sierra de Guadarrama (central Spain). Larvae used four potential host species (Sedum spp.) growing in open areas amongst shrubs. 3. Parnassius apollo host-plant and habitat use changed as elevation increased: the primary host shifted from Sedum amplexicaule to Sedum brevifolium, and larvae selected more open microhabitats (increased bare ground and dead vegetation, reduced vegetation height and shrub cover), suggesting that hotter microhabitats are used in cooler environments. 4. Larval microhabitat selection was significantly related to ambient temperature. At temperatures lower than 27 °C, larvae occupied open microhabitats that were warmer than ambient temperature, versus more shaded microhabitats that were cooler than ambient conditions when temperature was higher than 27 °C. 5. Elevational changes in phenology influenced the temperatures experienced by larvae, and could affect local host-plant favourability. 6. Habitat heterogeneity appears to play an important role in P. apollo larval thermoregulation, and may become increasingly important in buffering populations of this and other insect species against climatic variation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01068.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, U.K.; rea de Biodiversidad y Conservacin, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnologa, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mstoles, Madrid, Spain</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menzel, Annette</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stenseth, Nils Chr</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European cooperation in plant phenology:  Introduction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-177</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence, Anna</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first cuckoo in winter: Phenology, recording, credibility and meaning in Britain </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Environmental Change</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citizen science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological recording is a long-established feature of amateur natural history in Britain. Phenology (the recording of seasonal events) in particular has provided scientists with important long-term data sets. These data are of increasing interest as indicators of climate change and its impacts. Most scientists treat the data as the object of interest, while less attention has been paid to the two-way process of knowledge creation, and the significance of the inner, personal part of that. Phenological recording provides an interesting window on this because it is relatively straightforward (and therefore involves a wider range of people than more technically demanding recording), and because it is linked to the climate change discourse (and therefore connected with emotional and moral framings of the situation). This paper describes the rise of popular phenology in the UK and explores these dynamically related aspects of knowledge creation by drawing on accounts in the media and by participants. It concludes that reflexivity and credibility are important aspects of both personal and interpersonal meaning-making, and suggests that attention to both subjective integration of data, and the scale of local cultures of knowledge, are important in understanding the potential for connecting networks of citizen science. Phenology therefore appears to have a particular role to play in public understanding of climate change, which extends beyond the merely extractive collection of data to a more deeply integrated connection between observation and meaning.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Leandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sazima, Marlies</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and mechanisms of spontaneous self-pollination in five neotropical species of Gentianaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calolisianthus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calydorea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceit pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deianira</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gentianaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zygostigma</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00989.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-368</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross- and self-fertilization in angiosperms are regulated by several factors, and a knowledge of the mechanism and time of spontaneous self-pollination offers opportunities for a better understanding of the evolution of mating systems and floral traits. The floral biology of five species of Gentianaceae found in high-altitude neotropical grassland is presented, with emphasis on the mechanisms that promote spontaneous self-pollination. A presumed floral Batesian mimicry system is suggested between the rare and rewardless Zygostigma australe and Calydorea campestris, a species of Iridaceae with pollen-flowers, pollinated by syrphids and bees. The floral morphology of the other four gentian species points to three different pollination syndromes: melittophily, phalaenophily and ornithophily. However, with the exception of the nocturnal Helia oblongifolia, flowers are nectarless and appear to exhibit non-model deceptive mechanisms, providing similar floral cues to some sympatric rewarding species with the same syndrome. The similar mechanism of spontaneous self-pollination in Calolisianthus pedunculatus, Calolisianthus pendulus and H. oblongifolia (Helieae) is based on the stigmatic movements towards the anthers. Selfing is promoted by movements of the style/stigma and of the corolla in Deianira nervosa and Z. australe (Chironieae), respectively. The movements of stamens, style and stigma during anthesis seem to be the most common method of spontaneous self-pollination in angiosperms. It is suggested that the evolution of delayed spontaneous self-pollination would be more expected in those taxa with dichogamous flowers associated with herkogamy. Such a characteristic is frequent in long-lived flowers of certain groups of Asteridae, which comprise most documented cases of autonomous selfing. Thus, the presence of dichogamy associated with herkogamy (which supposedly evolved as a result of selection to promote both separation of male and female functions and the efficient transfer of cross pollen) may be the first step in the adaptive evolution of delayed selfing to provide reproductive assurance.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 3572013368.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00989.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leo 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Botnica, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083-970, Campinas SP, Brazil</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molina, Jeanmaire</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology of Philippine morphospecies of the grape relative &lt;i&gt;Leea &lt;/i&gt;(Leeaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dichogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00238.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-60</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I observed the floral biology of three Leea morphospecies in a Philippine natural forest habitat. The red-flowered morphospecies Leea guineensis limits selfing through synchronized dichogamy, with male and female flowers temporally separated in the same inflorescence, whereas the two morphospecies of the white-flowered Leea indica might be prone to geitonogamous selfing. Light and soil pH are correlated with phenology. In addition to bees and flies, Leea is visited by wasps, butterflies, beetles, bugs and spiders.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00238.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stauffer, F. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barfod, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral structure in &lt;i&gt;Licuala peltata&lt;/i&gt; (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae) with special reference to the architecture of the unusual labyrinthine nectary</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arecaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Licula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pbd</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00994.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-77</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structure and late development of the flowers of the South-East Asian bee-pollinated palm Licuala peltata are described with special focus on the architecture of the unusual labyrinthine nectaries. The nectaries are derived from septal nectaries by extensive convolution of the carpel flank surfaces below the ovary throughout the inner floral base, thus also encompassing the inner surface of the corolla–androecium tube. A comparison with septal nectaries elsewhere in Arecaceae and with labyrinthine nectaries in other monocots shows that labyrinthine nectaries situated below the ovary, as described here, are not known from any other palms, but are similar to those of a few Bromeliaceae and, less strongly convoluted, some Haemodoraceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In addition, the substantial participation of parts other than the gynoecium in the nectary architecture of Licuala appears unique at the level of monocots.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGrath, Laura J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Riper, Charles  I. I. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fontaine, Joseph J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower power: tree flowering phenology as a settlement cue for migrating birds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01464.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-30</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neotropical migrant birds show a clear preference for stopover habitats with ample food supplies; yet, the proximate cues underlying these decisions remain unclear. For insectivorous migrants, cues associated with vegetative phenology (e.g. flowering, leaf flush, and leaf loss) may reliably predict the availability of herbivorous arthropods. Here we examined whether migrants use the phenology of five tree species to choose stopover locations, and whether phenology accurately predicts food availability. Using a combination of experimental and observational evidence, we show migrant populations closely track tree phenology, particularly the flowering phenology of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), and preferentially forage in trees with more flowers. Furthermore, the flowering phenology of honey mesquite reliably predicts overall arthropod abundance as well as the arthropods preferred by migrants for food. Together, these results suggest that honey mesquite flowering phenology is an important cue used by migrants to assess food availability quickly and reliably, while in transit during spring migration.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01464.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center, Sonoran Desert Research Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; and ; Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, Theresa M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, Michael A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertelsen, C. David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering range changes across an elevation gradient in response to warming summer temperatures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elevation gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01831.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1141-1152</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many studies have demonstrated plant response to warming temperatures, both as advancement in the timing of phenological events and in range shifts. Mountain gradients are ideal laboratories for studying species range changes. In this study of 363 plant species in bloom collected in five segments across a 1200 m (4158 ft) elevation gradient, we look for changes in species flowering ranges over a 20-year period. Ninety-three species (25.6%) exhibited a significant change in the elevation at which they flowered from the first half to the second half of the record, with many of these changes occurring at higher elevations. Most of the species exhibiting the changes were perennial plants. Interestingly, though many changes in flowering range were specific to higher elevations, range changes occurred all across the gradient. The changes reported in this study are concurrent with significant increases in summer temperatures across the region and are consistent with observed changes around the globe.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01831.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, 1955 E. Sixth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; Herbarium, University of Arizona, PO Box 210036, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, T.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DAVID BERTELSEN, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering range changes across an elevation gradient in response to warming summer temperatures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arizona</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elevation gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering range</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species distribution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01831.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1141-1152</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many studies have demonstrated plant response to warming temperatures, both as advancement in the timing of phenological events and in range shifts. Mountain gradients are ideal laboratories for studying species range changes. In this study of 363 plant species in bloom collected in five segments across a 1200 m (4158 ft) elevation gradient, we look for changes in species flowering ranges over a 20-year period. Ninety-three species (25.6%) exhibited a significant change in the elevation at which they flowered from the first half to the second half of the record, with many of these changes occurring at higher elevations. Most of the species exhibiting the changes were perennial plants. Interestingly, though many changes in flowering range were specific to higher elevations, range changes occurred all across the gradient. The changes reported in this study are concurrent with significant increases in summer temperatures across the region and are consistent with observed changes around the globe.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, T.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crimmins, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DAVID BERTELSEN, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering range changes across an elevation gradient in response to warming summer temperatures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1141–1152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levin, Donald A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering-time plasticity facilitates niche shifts in adjacent populations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assortative mating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">niche shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speciation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02889.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661-666</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The potential for a habitat shift is enhanced when selection against immigrants is augmented by a temporal difference between them and inhabitants of core populations. Genetically mediated changes in flowering time often accompany niche shifts in plants. The possibility that temporal change may arise from plastic responses to novel, stressful, environments rather than from genetic alteration has not been explored. This option is considered here, and it may be quite common. The substantial literature on transplant and common garden experiments shows that invaders of novel habitats are likely to undergo a developmentally based phenological shift. A phenological change in the invading population leads to assortative mating within populations, which in turn facilitates the evolution of local adaptation by the invader. Environmental induction may be the sole contributor to temporal change, or this factor may act in concert with genetic change. Flowering shifts based on developmental responses are immediate, not subject to remediation by gene flow and not affected by a paucity of genetic variation, negative genetic correlations or antagonistic pleiotropy, all of which might constrain phenological evolution. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02889.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doi, Hideyuki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takahashi, Mayumi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katano, Izumi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity increases regional variation in phenological dates in response to climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetic variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01993.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-379</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change is inducing changes in the phenological timings of organisms. Genetic diversity could influence phenological responses to climate change, but empirical evidence is very limited. We estimated the regional variation across Japan in flowering and leaf budburst dates of plants based on a dataset of phenological timings from 1953 to 2005. The observed plants' genetic diversities varied according to human cultivation. The within-species variations of phenological response to temperature as well as regional variations were less in the plant populations with lower genetic diversity. Thus, genetic diversity influences the variation in phenological responses of plant populations. Under increased temperatures, low variation in phenological responses may allow drastic changes in the phenology of plant populations with synchronized phenological timings. Our findings indicate that we should pay attention to maintaining genetic diversity of populations to alleviate changes in phenology due to future climate change.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01993.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LAFWEDY, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; Aqua Restoration Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, Kawashima, Kasada-machi, Kakamigahara, Gifu 501-6021, Japan</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vors, Liv Solveig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyce, Mark Stephen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global declines of caribou and reindeer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caribou</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangifer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reindeer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01974.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2626-2633</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caribou and reindeer herds are declining across their circumpolar range, coincident with increasing arctic temperatures and precipitation, and anthropogenic landscape change. Here, we examine the mechanisms by which climate warming and anthropogenic landscape change influence caribou and reindeer population dynamics, namely changes in phenology, spatiotemporal changes in species overlap, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, and demonstrate that many caribou and reindeer herds show demographic signals consistent with these changes. While many caribou and reindeer populations historically fluctuated, the current, synchronous population declines emphasize the species' vulnerability to global change. Loss of caribou and reindeer will have significant, negative socioeconomic consequences for northern indigenous cultures.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01974.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brook, Barry W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global warming tugs at trophic interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synchrony</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic level</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01490.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change impacts are becoming increasingly evident as 1 °C warming above pre-industrial temperatures is approached. One of the signature biological effects is a shift towards earlier-timed reproduction. If individual species lack sufficient adaptive plasticity to alter phenology, they will have reduced fitness in a hotter world. Yet, a long-term study of an oak-caterpillar-songbird-sparrowhawk food web reveals that what could matter as much is if trophic interactions are disrupted. Multiple selective pressures may be triggered by climate change, leading to a tug-of-war between the need to stay in synchrony with the timing of maximum food, and the benefits of minimizing predation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01490.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Institute for Climate Change and Sustainability, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hegland, Stein Joar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nielsen, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lázaro , Amparo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjerknes , Anne-Line</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Totland, Ørjan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184-195</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461-0248</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate warming affects the phenology, local abundance and large-scale distribution of plants and pollinators. Despite this, there is still limited knowledge of how elevated temperatures affect plant-pollinator mutualisms and how changed availability of mutualistic partners influences the persistence of interacting species. Here we review the evidence of climate warming effects on plants and pollinators and discuss how their interactions may be affected by increased temperatures. The onset of flowering in plants and first appearance dates of pollinators in several cases appear to advance linearly in response to recent temperature increases. Phenological responses to climate warming may therefore occur at parallel magnitudes in plants and pollinators, although considerable variation in responses across species should be expected. Despite the overall similarities in responses, a few studies have shown that climate warming may generate temporal mismatches among the mutualistic partners. Mismatches in pollination interactions are still rarely explored and their demographic consequences are largely unknown. Studies on multi-species plant-pollinator assemblages indicate that the overall structure of pollination networks probably are robust against perturbations caused by climate warming. We suggest potential ways of studying warming-caused mismatches and their consequences for plant-pollinator interactions, and highlight the strengths and limitations of such approaches.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 As, Norway; Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilini, Greece</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, Richard B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of climate change on cherry trees and other species in Japan </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cherry tree</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prunus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1943-1949</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies from throughout the world have provided evidence that climate change is already affecting the ecology and persistence of species. Japan contributes valuable insights into understanding these changes through long-term records of the timing of cherry blossoms and other phenomena of ecological and cultural interest. The wide latitudinal spread of Japan also provides an opportunity to examine species over a broad range of environmental conditions. In this review, we examine phenological studies that have taken place in Japan and summarize their significance to climate change and conservation research. In Kyoto, records of the timing of celebrations of cherry blossom festivals going back to the 9th century reconstruct the past climate and demonstrate the local increase in temperature associated with global warming and urbanization. This record is probably the longest annual record of phenology from anyplace in the world and shows that cherries are currently flowering earlier than they have at any time during the previous 1200 years. Detailed mapping of cherry tree flowering times in and around Osaka and other cities in Japan show that urbanization causes plants to flower earlier within the city environs than in nearby parks and outlying suburban areas. Flowering records from a large cherry arboretum at Mt. Takao, on the outskirts of Tokyo, show that both among and within species, early flowering is associated with greater responsiveness to temperature variation. Lastly, records of phenology for a wide range of plants and animals recorded at over 100 weather stations throughout Japan show that species vary greatly in their phenological responses to climate change, and highlight ecological relationships that need to be investigated in the field. Together, these studies provide important insights into how species are responding to climate change in Japan. Further research, particularly targeted field observations and experiments, is needed to build on these findings and to improve our understanding of how climate change is altering biological communities and how it will continue to affect them in the future.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higuchi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of climate change on cherry trees and other species in Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1943–1949</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balbontín, Javier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Møller, Anders Pape</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hermosell, Ignacio G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marzal, Alfonso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reviriego, Maribel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lope, Florentino de</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual responses in spring arrival date to ecological conditions during winter and migration in a migratory bird</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirundo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01573.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">981-989</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. We studied lifetime arrival patterns in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica L.) in relation to variation in ecological conditions, as reflected by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Sub-Saharan winter quarters and at stopover sites in North Africa. 2. Migratory birds have recently advanced their arrival dates, but the relative role of microevolution and phenotypic plasticity as mechanisms of response to changing environmental conditions remains unknown. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we investigated the change in the arrival date using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. 3. We predicted that the effect (i.e. slopes) of environmental conditions in stopover or winter areas on arrival date should be similar using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in case phenotypic plasticity is the underlying mechanism, or they should differ in case microevolution is the mechanism. 4. As expected according to a previous cross-sectional study, we found an advance in the arrival date when ecological conditions improve in stopover areas and a delay in the arrival date when ecological conditions improve in the winter quarters. 5. Change in the arrival time at the breeding grounds due to ecological conditions found en route and, in the winter areas, was mainly due to phenotypic plasticity as shown by similarities in the slopes found in these relationships using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. 6. We also investigated sex and age of barns swallows as sources of variation in the arrival time with respect to conditions experienced in winter and stopover areas. We found that earlier arrival at the breeding grounds due to prevailing ecological conditions found en route in North Africa was similar for males and females of all age-classes. In contrast, individuals tended to delay departure when ecological conditions improved in the winter quarters, but this delay differed among age classes, with old individuals delaying departure more than middle-aged and yearling birds. 7. The migratory response of individuals to changing climatic conditions experienced during different parts of their life provides evidence for individuals responding differently to prevailing conditions in the winter quarters depending on their age, but not to conditions experienced en route during spring migration.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01573.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departamento de Anatoma, Biologa Celular y Zoologa, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain; Laboratoire dEcologie, Systmatique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Universit Paris-Sud, Btiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fry, Heidi R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quiring, Dan T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryall,  Krista L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dixon, Peggy L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of intra-tree variation in phenology and oviposition site on the distribution and performance of &lt;i&gt;Ennomos subsignaria&lt;/i&gt; on mature sycamore maple</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maple</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01091.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">394-405</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2311</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Field surveys and a manipulative experiment were conducted to examine the hypotheses that intra-tree heterogeneity in natural enemy activity, foliar quality (independent of phenology), or phenology influence the intra-tree distribution and performance of Ennomos subsignaria on mature sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus. 2. Ennomos subsignaria intra-tree distribution was distinctly clumped. Egg mass density was 85% higher on the lower bole than in the crown. Most early instars were found on lower crown proximal branches while most late instars and pupae were found on lower crown distal branches. This resulted in high levels of defoliation in the lower crown, especially on proximal branches. 3. No parasitoids were reared from eggs or late-instar larvae and only one pupa was parasitised, suggesting that preference for the bole and lower crown was not a response to parasitism. Similarly, E. subsignaria performance was not influenced by variable foliage quality (independent of phenology) within the crown. However, sycamore maple phenology had a large influence on E. subsignaria survival. More than 90% of newly emerged larvae survived to the adult stage when they fed on foliage with three pairs of leaves expanded per bud, whereas survival on younger foliage was reduced by &gt;45%. 4. The peak period of E. subsignaria egg hatch was approximately 2 weeks after the peak period of sycamore maple budburst, which occurred acropetally. Egg hatch was closely synchronised with the availability of most suitable leaves for insect development on proximal branches of the lower crown, the location where most larvae initiated feeding. 5. The results support the phenology hypothesis and suggest that intra-tree variation in oviposition site and host phenological development influence the intra-tree distribution and performance of this generalist herbivore.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01091.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Population Ecology Group, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, St Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwartz, Mark D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanes, Jonathan M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intercomparing multiple measures of the onset of spring in eastern North America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onset of spring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2008</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1097-0088</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring the onset of deciduous tree leaf flush and subsequent development during the spring season in temperate climates can be accomplished using multiple ground and satellite-based techniques. Although all these measurements are valid (i.e. record a real characteristic related to plant development), they typically are poorly inter-related due to incompatible levels of spatial representation and differing methodologies. Given recent and likely future impacts of climate change on spring leaf development, the need to reconstruct past patterns, and the lack of standardised vegetation change measurements around the world, more work is needed to determine the relationships among the various measures, and the degree to which they may serve as substitutes for each other. In this article, we use observations and measurements at two phenology 'super-sites' in eastern North America and four other supporting sites to evaluate the relationships among multiple spring leaf development measures, and explore strategies to standardise their intercomparison. The results show infrequent significant correlations among 10 satellite-derived 'start of season' (SOS) measures (which suggests they are often not detecting the same phenomena), along with more common significant correlations among six ground phenology measures. However, when ground phenology and satellite-derived SOS are compared, there are few significant correlations, even at sites with extensive native species phenology available. Modelled phenology, based on daily temperature data (Spring Indices First Bloom date) does as well as any of the direct native species measures, and is well suited to facilitate intercomparisons. In order to effectively compare ground-based and satellite-derived SOS measures, approaches that use limited numbers of individual plants face considerable challenges. Given that satellite-derived measures are areal and at a scale of 250 m and larger, we suggest collecting ground phenology data at the same areal scale in order to make effective comparisons. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/joc.2008</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carroll, Elizabeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donnelly,Alison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooney, Tom</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irish phenological observations from the early 20th century reveal a strong response to temperature</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology and Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ireland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leafing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-126</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology, the study of the timing of recurring life cycle events, has gained global scientific recognition in recent years as it demonstrates how ecosystems are responding to climate change. However, in Ireland the systematic recording of phenological events has not been traditionally undertaken. Here we present some recently rediscovered historic phenological records, abstracted from the Irish Naturalists’ Journal for the period 1927–1947 (with a gap from 1940 to 1945) and analyse them with respect to temperature data, sourced from Dr Tim Mitchell’s Tyndall Centre webpage. We find that in many cases in Ireland spring phenological events, such as first flowering, first leafing and first observations of insects, show an earlier trend in response to increasing spring temperatures over the study period. In addition, we compare spring migrant bird arrival dates from the Irish Naturalists’ Journal records with those abstracted from various published and unpublished bird records from the eastern region of Ireland for the period 1969–1999. We demonstrate that five out of the seven species analysed were recorded earlier in the more recent time period, and three of these were significantly earlier. These results illustrate the value of historic phenological data records for investigating and comparing past and present climate influences on species developmental behaviour.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Der Jeugd, Henk P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Götz, Eichorn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litvin, Konstantin E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stahl, Julia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsson, Kjell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vann der Graaf, Alexandra J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drent, Rudi, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keeping up with early springs: rapid range expansion in an avian herbivore incurs a mismatch between reproductive timing and food supply</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beese</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range expansion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproduction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01804.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1057-1071</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within three decades, the barnacle goose population wintering on the European mainland has dramatically increased in numbers and extended its breeding range. The expansion has occurred both within the Arctic as well as by the colonization of temperate areas. Studies of performance of individuals in expanding populations provide information on how well species can adapt to novel environments and global warming. We, therefore, studied the availability of high quality food as well as timing of reproduction, wing moult, fledgling production and postfledging survival of individually marked geese in three recently established populations: one Arctic (Barents Sea) and two temperate (Baltic, North Sea). In the Barents Sea population, timing of hatching was synchronized with the peak in food availability and there was strong stabilizing selection. Although birds in the Baltic and North Sea populations bred 6 - 7 weeks earlier than Arctic birds, timing of hatching was late in relation to the peak in food availability, and there was moderate to strong directional selection for early breeding. In the Baltic, absolute timing of egg laying advanced considerably over the 20-year study period, but advanced little relative to spring phenology, and directional selection on lay date increased over time. Wing moult of adults started only 2 - 4 weeks earlier in the temperate populations than in the Arctic. Synchronization between fledging of young and end of wing moult decreased in the temperate populations. Arctic-breeding geese may gradually accumulate body stores from the food they encounter during spring migration, which allows them to breed relatively early and their young to use the peak of the Arctic food resources. By contrast, temperate-breeding birds are not able to acquire adequate body stores from local resources early enough, that is before the quality of food for their young starts to decrease. When global temperatures continue to rise, Arctic-breeding barnacle geese might encounter similar problems.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01804.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOVON Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Rijksstraatweg 178, NL-6573 DG Beek-Ubbergen, The Netherlands; Vogeltrekstation Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, NIOO-KNAW, Heteren, The Netherlands; Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands; Bird Ringing Centre, Moscow, Russia; Landscape Ecology Group, University of Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Biology, Gotland University, Visby, Sweden</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morin, Xavier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lechowicz, Martin J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augspurger, Carol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Keefe, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viner, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chuine, Isabelle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf phenology in 22 North American tree species during the 21st century</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01735.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">961-975</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent shifts in phenology are the best documented biological response to current anthropogenic climate change, yet remain poorly understood from a functional point of view. Prevailing analyses are phenomenological and approximate, only correlating temperature records to imprecise records of phenological events. To advance our understanding of phenological responses to climate change, we developed, calibrated, and validated process-based models of leaf unfolding for 22 North American tree species. Using daily meteorological data predicted by two scenarios (A2: +3.2 °C and B2: +1 °C) from the HadCM3 GCM, we predicted and compared range-wide shifts of leaf unfolding in the 20th and 21st centuries for each species. Model predictions suggest that climate change will affect leaf phenology in almost all species studied, with an average advancement during the 21st century of 5.0 days in the A2 scenario and 9.2 days in the B2 scenario. Our model also suggests that lack of sufficient chilling temperatures to break bud dormancy will decrease the rate of advancement in leaf unfolding date during the 21st century for many species. Some temperate species may even have years with abnormal budburst due to insufficient chilling. Species fell into two groups based on their sensitivity to climate change: (1) species that consistently had a greater advance in their leaf unfolding date with increasing latitude and (2) species in which the advance in leaf unfolding differed from the center to the northern vs. southern margins of their range. At the interspecific level, we predicted that early-leafing species tended to show a greater advance in leaf unfolding date than late-leafing species; and that species with larger ranges tend to show stronger phenological changes. These predicted changes in phenology have significant implications for the frost susceptibility of species, their interspecific relationships, and their distributional shifts.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01735.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Equipe Bioflux, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366, USA; Natural England, Science and Evidence, 60 Bracondale, Norwich NR1 2BE, UK</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Végvári, Zsolt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bókony, Veronika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barta, Zoltán</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kovács, Gábor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life history predicts advancement of avian spring migration in response to climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01876.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-11</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An increasing number of studies demonstrate that plant and animal phenologies such as the timing of bird migration have been advancing over the globe, likely as a result of climate change. Even closely related species differ in their phenological responses, and the sources of this variation are poorly established. We used a large, standardized dataset of first arrival dates (FAD) of migratory birds to test the effects of phylogenetic relationships and various life-history and ecological traits on the degree to which different species adapt to climate change by earlier migration in spring. Using the phylogenetic comparative method, we found that the advancement of FAD was greater in species with more generalized diet, shorter migration distance, more broods per year, and less extensive prebreeding molt. In turn, we found little evidence that FAD trends were influenced by competition for mating (polygamy or extra-pair paternity) and breeding opportunities (cavity nests). Our findings were robust to several potentially confounding effects. These evolutionary correlations, coupled with the low levels of phylogenetic dependence we found, indicate that avian migration phenology adapts to climate change as a species-specific response. Our results suggest that the degree of this response is fundamentally shaped by constraints and selection pressures of the species' life history, and less so by the intensity of sexual selection.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01876.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hortobgy National Park Directorate, Sumen u. 2., Debrecen, H-4024, Hungary; Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, H-8201 Veszprm, Hungary; Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daly, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conklin, David R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unsworth, Michael H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Local atmospheric decoupling in complex topography alters climate change impacts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cold air drainage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mountain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2007</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1097-0088</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold air drainage and pooling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at night and during winter. Local climate regimes associated with frequent cold air pooling have substantial impacts on species phenology, distribution and diversity. However, little is known about how the degree and frequency of cold air drainage and pooling will respond to a changing climate. Evidence suggests that, because cold pools are decoupled from the free atmosphere, these local climates may not respond in the same way as regional-scale climates estimated from coarse-grid general circulation models. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that historical changes in the frequency of synoptic conditions have produced complex spatial variations in the resulting climatic changes on the ground. In the mountainous terrain of the Oregon Cascades, we show that, at relatively exposed hill slope and ridge top locations, air temperatures are highly coupled to changes in synoptic circulation patterns at the 700-hPa level, whereas in sheltered valley bottoms, cold air pooling at night and during winter causes temperatures to be largely decoupled from, and relatively insensitive to, 700-hPa flow variations. The result is a complex temperature landscape composed of steep gradients in temporal variation, controlled largely by gradients in elevation and topographic position. When a projected climate warming of 2.5 °C was combined with likely changes in the frequency distribution of synoptic circulation, modelled temperature changes at closely spaced locations diverged widely (by up to 6 °C), with differences equalling or exceeding that of the imposed regional temperature change. Because cold air pooling and consequent atmospheric decoupling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at high latitudes, this phenomenon is likely to be an important consideration in understanding the impacts of climate change in mountainous regions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/joc.2007</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Geosciences, 2000 Kelley Engineering Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanless, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederiksen, Morten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walton, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, Mike P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term changes in breeding phenology at two seabird colonies in the western North Sea</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fratercula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rissa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seabird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterna</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uria</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ibi/2009/00000151/00000002/art00003http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00906.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">274-285</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is compelling evidence that the breeding phenology of many species has changed substantially in recent decades. However, taxonomic and spatial variation in the direction and rate of change is still not well understood. We explored these issues by analysing a dataset containing information on first egg dates of 10 species of seabird at two major breeding colonies (86 km apart) in the western North Sea over a period of 35 years. Within a species, timing of breeding was positively correlated between the two colonies, suggesting that factors affecting the phenology of these species operated at a regional rather than a colony scale. Comparison of time trends among the species revealed contrasting patterns, with some showing no systematic change, others becoming earlier and others later. The clearest species groupings appeared to be among the terns with arrival and/or first egg dates becoming earlier in Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea, Common Terns Sterna hirundo and Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis, and among the auks (Common Guillemot Uria aalge, Razorbill Alca torda and Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica) and Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla where the trend was in the opposite direction towards later breeding. This general trend towards later breeding in the latter group of species contrasts with correlational evidence from many other organisms indicating that breeding phenology is advancing in response to climate change.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">[1]doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00906.x</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gordo, Oscar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanz, Juan JosÉ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term temporal changes of plant phenology in the Western Mediterranean</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time-series</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01851.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1930-1948</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants are altering their life cycles in response to current climatic change around the globe. More than 200 000 records for six phenological events (leaf unfolding, flowering, fruit ripening, fruit harvesting, leaf falling and growing season) of 29 perennial species for the period 1943-2003 recorded throughout Spain provide the longest temporal and the broadest spatial assessment of plant phenology changes in the Mediterranean region. The overwhelming majority of the 118 studied phenophases shifted their dates in recent decades. Such changes differed among phenological events. Leaf unfolding, flowering and fruiting are markedly advancing (-0.48, -0.59 and -0.32 days yr-1, respectively), but only since the mid-1970s. Anemophilous have advanced more days their flowering than entomophilous. However, some species have delayed and others have advanced their leaf falling dates and as a result only a weak shift was observed in this event for the whole of the studied species (+0.12 days yr-1). The growing season lengthened by 18 days, which implies an increase of 8% in the life of annual leaves. Such an increase was achieved mainly through the advance of leaf unfolding dates in the spring, one of the most productive times of year for vegetation in the Mediterranean. Shifts in the plant calendar were accompanied as well by long-term changes in the range of onset dates in 39% of studied phenophases. Leaf unfolding, flowering and growing season tended to reduce spatial variability, reflecting a faster and more synchronized onset (or duration) of phenophases across the study area. Changes in spatial variability may aggravate calendar mismatching with other trophic levels resulting from changes in dates. Because temporal responses differed markedly among species, calendar guilds of plants have changed, which suggests alterations of interspecific relationships in plant communities from Mediterranean ecosystems.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01851.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departamento de Ecologa Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), CJos Gutirrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galloway, Laura F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, Kevin S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manipulation of flowering time: phenological integration and maternal effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanulaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanulastrum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maternal effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-0948.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2139-2148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing of flowering is central to reproductive success and is currently advancing in many natural populations due to a warmer climate. However, we have little understanding of how earlier initiation of flowering influences subsequent reproductive phenology or the expression of traits in the offspring. To evaluate the consequences of an altered flowering phenology we manipulated cohorts of Campanulastrum americanum, an herb with annual and biennial growth forms, to flower and disperse seeds up to a month earlier, at the same time, and up to a month later than a natural population in two separate years. Relative to the date of first flower, the temporal patterns of flower production and the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal were similar among individuals that initiated flowering over the expanded reproductive season, indicating strong phenological integration of reproductive traits. However, plants that initiated flowering substantially outside the natural window showed a change in the rate of reproduction, with a compressed reproductive schedule for early-flowering individuals and an expanded one for late-flowering plants. Changes in flowering time had more dramatic effects on the offspring generation. Initiation of flowering two weeks earlier would result in a fourfold increase in the frequency of annual offspring, and four weeks earlier would result in a tenfold increase. The frequency of annuals was less sensitive to modest delays in flowering time but decreased with greater delays in flowering time. Collectively, these results reveal a tightly integrated reproductive phenology that shifts with timing of flowering within generations but may lead to more dramatic responses to climate change between generations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galloway, Laura F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, Kevin S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manipulation of flowering time: phenological integration and maternal effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanulastrum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life history evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maternal effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed disperal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-0948.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2139-2148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing of flowering is central to reproductive success and is currently advancing in many natural populations due to a warmer climate. However, we have little understanding of how earlier initiation of flowering influences subsequent reproductive phenology or the expression of traits in the offspring. To evaluate the consequences of an altered flowering phenology we manipulated cohorts of Campanulastrum americanum, an herb with annual and biennial growth forms, to flower and disperse seeds up to a month earlier, at the same time, and up to a month later than a natural population in two separate years. Relative to the date of first flower, the temporal patterns of flower production and the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal were similar among individuals that initiated flowering over the expanded reproductive season, indicating strong phenological integration of reproductive traits. However, plants that initiated flowering substantially outside the natural window showed a change in the rate of reproduction, with a compressed reproductive schedule for early-flowering individuals and an expanded one for late-flowering plants. Changes in flowering time had more dramatic effects on the offspring generation. Initiation of flowering two weeks earlier would result in a fourfold increase in the frequency of annual offspring, and four weeks earlier would result in a tenfold increase. The frequency of annuals was less sensitive to modest delays in flowering time but decreased with greater delays in flowering time. Collectively, these results reveal a tightly integrated reproductive phenology that shifts with timing of flowering within generations but may lead to more dramatic responses to climate change between generations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson,Andrew D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braswell, Bobby H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hollinger, David Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, Julian P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollinger, Scott V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Applications</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AmeriFlux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eddy covariance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring onset</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-2022.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1417-1428</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a need to document how plant phenology is responding to global change factors, particularly warming trends. “Near-surface” remote sensing, using radiometric instruments or imaging sensors, has great potential to improve phenological monitoring because automated observations can be made at high temporal frequency. Here we build on previous work and show how inexpensive, networked digital cameras (“webcams”) can be used to document spatial and temporal variation in the spring and autumn phenology of forest canopies. We use two years of imagery from a deciduous, northern hardwood site, and one year of imagery from a coniferous, boreal transition site. A quantitative signal is obtained by splitting images into separate red, green, and blue color channels and calculating the relative brightness of each channel for “regions of interest” within each image. We put the observed phenological signal in context by relating it to seasonal patterns of gross primary productivity, inferred from eddy covariance measurements of surface–atmosphere CO2 exchange. We show that spring increases, and autumn decreases, in canopy greenness can be detected in both deciduous and coniferous stands. In deciduous stands, an autumn red peak is also observed. The timing and rate of spring development and autumn senescence varies across the canopy, with greater variability in autumn than spring. Interannual variation in phenology can be detected both visually and quantitatively; delayed spring onset in 2007 compared to 2006 is related to a prolonged cold spell from day 85 to day 110. This work lays the foundation for regional- to continental-scale camera-based monitoring of phenology at network observatory sites, e.g., National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) or AmeriFlux.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Cortazar-Atauri, I. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brisson, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaudillere, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of several models for predicting budburst date of grapevine (&lt;i&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/i&gt; L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Biometeorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-326</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull-Hereñu, Kester</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo, Mary</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological and morphological differentiation in annual &lt;i&gt;Chaetanthera moenchioides&lt;/i&gt; (Asteraceae) over an aridity gradient</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">annual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridity gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chaetanthera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chile</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0126-8</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-167</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering-time, plant longevity and size of capitulum were studied in a common garden experiment on seven populations of annual Chaetanthera moenchioides derived from a strong latitudinal aridity gradient in the mediterranean climate area of Chile. Populations derived from the drier northern part of the latitudinal gradient showed significantly shorter flowering and fruiting phenology and smaller capitula under uniform growing conditions. Water stress experiments performed in the greenhouse induced further phenological hastening and a reduction in number of ray florets per capitulum. Population differentiation and the reaction norms in C. moenchioides agree with the predictions of genetic-assimilation given that the plastic response of the species under water stress mimics phenotypic differentiation that has evolved along the environmental gradient.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00606-008-0126-8</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallagher, R. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hughes, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leishman, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenological trends among Australian alpine species: Using herbarium records to identify climate-change indicators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbarium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global temperatures are increasing at an unprecedented rate and the analysis of long-term phenological records has provided some of the most compelling evidence for the effect of these changes on species. In regions where systematically collected data on the timing of life-cycle events is scarce, such as Australia, researchers must seek alternative sources of information from which climate-change signals can be identified. In the present paper, we explore the limitations and strengths of using herbarium specimens to detect changes in flowering phenology, to select potential indicator species, and to pinpoint locations for potential monitoring schemes of native plants in Australia’s subalpine and alpine zone. We selected 20 species on the basis of a range of selection criteria, including a flowering duration of 3 months or less and the number of herbarium records available in the areas above 1500 m. By the use of gridded temperature data within the study region, we identified an increase in mean annual temperature of 0.74°C between 1950 and 2007. We then matched the spatial locations of the herbarium specimens to these temperature data and, by using linear regression models, identified five species whose flowering response may be sensitive to temperature. Higher mean annual temperatures at the point of collection were negatively associated with earlier flowering in each of these species (α = 0.05). We also found a significant (P = 0.02) negative relationship between year and flowering observation for Alpine groundsel, Senecio pectinatus var. major. This species is potentially a suitable candidate for monitoring responses of species to future climate change, owing to the accessibility of populations and its conspicuous flowers. It is also likely that with ongoing warming the other four species identified (Colobanthus affinis, Ewartia nubigena, Prasophyllum tadgellianum and Wahlenbergia ceracea) in the present study may show the same response.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nautiyal, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nautiyal, B. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prakash, Vinay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology and growth form distribution in an alpine pasture at Tungnath, Garhwal, Himalaya</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mountain Research and Development</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Himalaya</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">India</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenophase</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0168:PAGFDI]2.0.CO;2</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Mountain Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-174</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0276-4741</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on phenology and growth form distribution in an alpine pasture of Garhwal Himalaya were undertaken from 1988 to 1998. One hundred seventy-one species were recorded and classified as 5 different growth forms. These species were also classified as early- and late-growing type, on the basis of initiation of their aerial sprouts. Cushion-forming forbs generally emerge as the season commences, that is, immediately after snowmelt. However, the vegetative growth of grasses and other forbs peaked randomly after arrival of the monsoon. Phenophases of different species at higher elevations respond to the availability of the soil moisture and nutrient regimes as well as to temperature and different photoperiodic induction. The spectrum of life forms in the region indicated a hemicryptophytic and geophytic plant climate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0168:PAGFDI]2.0.CO;2</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weltzin, Jake F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology as a tool to link ecology and sustainable decision making in a dynamic environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03083.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743-745</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meeting review</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03083.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USA National Phenology Network, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; US Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charman, Thomas G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sears, Jane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bourke, Andrew F. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, Rhys E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology of &lt;i&gt;Bombus distinguendus&lt;/i&gt; in the Outer Hebrides</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Glasgow Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supplement</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marçais, Benoit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kavkova, Miloslava</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desprez-Loustau, Marie-Laure</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotypic variation in the phenology of ascospore production between European populations of oak powdery mildew</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Forest Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erisyphe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mildew</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypic variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">• Oak powdery mildew severity (Erysiphe alphitoides) is usually mild in Europe because epidemics start late in spring, at the end of the first oak growth unit maturation. However, the disease can occasionally be very severe when strong infection occurs early during the development of the first growth unit, suggesting that host-pathogen synchrony in spring could be a critical factor in disease severity.• We studied the timing of ascospore production in a given environment for four E. alphitoides populations sampled from SW France to the Czech Republic to determine whether this trait shows variation within Europe.• Timing of ascospore production was clearly influenced by environmental factors as chasmothecia from a single origin showed very different dates of optimal ascospore production when transferred for overwintering in locations with different climate. In common garden experiments, no differences were observed between populations for the date of optimal ascospore production.• Results suggest little genetic differentiation for timing of ascospore production for E. alphitoides populations across Europe and therefore a lack of local adaptation to their host phenology. Availability in ascospore inoculum is limited during host budburst, explaining the low infection usually observed on the first oak growth unit.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertin, Robert I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant phenology and distribution in relation to recent climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distribution limits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leafing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/07-RP-035R.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torrey Botanical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-146</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-5674</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper summarizes a broad range of studies that have examined influences of recent climate change on plant phenology or distribution. Spring events such as leafing and flowering have typically advanced, some by several weeks, with median advances of 4–5 d per degree Celsius. Autumn events, such as leaf coloring or leaf fall, have usually become delayed, though with more variability than spring events. Changes in summer events have been mixed. Phenological changes have varied geographically, as have recent temperature changes. Most studies of at least several decades duration show the initiation of rapid changes in the 1970s or 1980s, paralleling patterns of temperature change. Plants and animals in a given area have often responded at different rates to temperature change, which is likely to change patterns of interaction between plants and their pollinators and herbivores. Altitudinal changes in plant distributions have been demonstrated in several areas, especially in Scandinavia and in Mediterranean Europe, though these changes lag the measured temperature changes. Latitudinal changes in plant distribution have been demonstrated in only a few instances and it has been suggested that precipitation changes may have limited range shifts in response to warming in some areas. The observed and predicted changes in plant distribution and phenology have major implications for various ecological and evolutionary phenomena, including ecosystem productivity, species interactions, community structure, and conservation of biodiversity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, M. Victoria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertiller, Mónica B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant phenology, leaf traits and leaf litterfall of contrasting life forms in the arid Patagonian Monte, Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Argentina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.3170/2007-8-18333</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Association of Vegetation Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-85</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1100-9233</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question: Do coexisting plant life forms differ in overall phenology, leaf traits and patterns of leaf litterfall?Location: Patagonian Monte, Chubut Province, Argentina.Methods: We assessed phenology, traits of green and senesced leaves and the pattern of leaf litterfall in 12 species of coexisting life forms (perennial grasses, deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs).Results: We did not identify differences in phenology, leaf traits and patterns of leaf litterfall among life forms but these attributes contrasted among species. Independent of the life form, the maintenance of green leaves or vegetative growth during the dry season was mostly associated with leaves with high leaf mass per area (LMA) and high concentration of secondary compounds. Low LMA species produced low litterfall mass with low concentration of secondary compounds, and high N concentration. High LMA species produced the largest mass of leaf litterfall. Accordingly, species were distributed along two main dimensions of ecological variation, the dimension secondary compounds in leaves - length and timing of the vegetative growth period (SC – VGP) and the dimension leaf mass per area - leaf litterfall mass (LMA – LLM).Conclusions: Phenology, leaf traits and leaf litterfall varied among species and overlapped among life forms. The two dimensions of ecological variation among species (SC – VGP, LMA – LLM) represent distinct combinations of plant traits or strategies related to resource acquisition and drought tolerance which are reflected in the patterns of leaf litterfall.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogilvie, Jane E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zalucki, Jacinta M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulter, Sarah L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of the sclerophyllous shrub &lt;i&gt;Pultenaea villosa&lt;/i&gt; Willd. (Fabaceae) in southeast Queensland, Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fabaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">melittophily</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pultenaea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00235.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-19</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination biology of the common shrub Pultenaea villosa Willd. was examined in a subtropical dry sclerophyll forest in eastern Australia. We determined floral phenology and morphology, the timing of stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence, nectar availability, the plant breeding system, and flower visitors. The shrub's flowers are typical zygomorphic pea flowers with hidden floral rewards and reproductive structures. These flowers require special manipulation for insect access. A range of insects visited the flowers, although bees are predicted to be the principle pollinators based on their frequency on the flowers and their exclusive ability to operate the wing and keel petals to access the reproductive structures. Nectar and pollen are offered as rewards and were actively collected by bees. Nectar is offered to visitors in minute amounts at the base of the corolla. In Toohey Forest, P. villosa flowers in spring and is the most abundant floral resource in the understory of the forest at this time. The breeding system experiment revealed that P. villosa requires outcrossing for high levels of seed set and that the overlap of stigma receptivity and pollen dehiscence within the flower suggests the potential for self-incompatibility.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00235.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Innovative Conservation Strategies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandring, Saskia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ågren, Jon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator-mediated selection on floral display and flowering time in the perennial herb &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis lyrata&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arabidopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00624.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Society for the Study of Evolution</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1292-1300</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0014-3820</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The evolution of floral display and flowering time in animal-pollinated plants is commonly attributed to pollinator-mediated selection. Yet, the causes of selection on flowering phenology and traits contributing to floral display have rarely been tested experimentally in natural populations. We quantified phenotypic selection on morphological and phenological characters in the perennial, outcrossing herb Arabidopsis lyrata in two years using female reproductive success as a proxy of fitness. To determine whether selection on floral display and flowering phenology can be attributed to interactions with pollinators, selection was quantified both for open-pollinated controls and for plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination. We documented directional selection for many flowers, large petals, late start of flowering, and early end of flowering. Seed output was pollen-limited in both years and supplemental hand-pollination reduced the magnitude of selection on number of flowers, and reversed the direction of selection on end of flowering. The results demonstrate that interactions with pollinators may affect the strength of selection on floral display and the direction of selection on phenology of flowering in natural plant populations. They thus support the contention that pollinators can drive the evolution of both floral display and flowering time.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00624.x</style></work-type><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00624.x</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espelta, Josep M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonal, Raúl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Humanes, Belén</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-dispersal acorn predation in mixed oak forests: interspecific differences are driven by the interplay among seed phenology, seed size and predator size</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curculio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predispersal seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed satiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01564.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1416-1423</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2745</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Pre-dispersal seed predation (PSP) often occurs in multi-host2013predator systems (e.g. several plant species exposed to a common array of granivorous insects). However, whether the interaction among seed phenology, seed size and predator size accounts for interspecific differences in PSP remains elusive.2. We studied PSP in a mixed-oak forest with two oaks (the larger-seeded Quercus humilis and the smaller-seeded Q. ilex), both depredated by two acorn weevils (the smaller Curculio glandium and the larger C. elephas). We intensively monitored acorn production and infestation phenology and we identified the weevil species depredating acorns by means of DNA taxonomy. 3. The minimum acorn size required for infestation was lower for C. glandium than for C. elephas, in accordance with their different body sizes. This resulted in an earlier infestation phenology in C. glandium and the ability of this species to infest both smaller and larger acorns. Above a minimum acorn size threshold, no selection for larger acorns by weevils was observed. 4. Initial acorn crop size was similar in the two oaks. Nonetheless, the earlier acorn phenology and the production of larger acorns in Q. humilis favoured the earlier infestation by C. glandium and the predation by both small and large weevils. Smaller acorns of Q. ilex almost excluded infestation by the larger C. elephas. 5. Although larger acorns of Q. humilis could better survive infestation (preserve the embryo), higher PSP in this species finally resulted in a lower mature acorn crop size than in Q. ilex. 6. Synthesis. In a multi-host2013predator system, smaller-seeded species may benefit from a reduced PSP because they exclude larger granivorous insects, but also by means of a 'free-rider effect', if larger-seeded heterospecifics earlier reach a critical size to be depredated. These results also highlight the benefits of a small body size in granivorous insects to depredate seeds earlier and to forage on a wider range of seed sizes. Whether the advantage of 'being small' in this antagonistic plant2013animal interaction is offset by other processes, or whether it results in a pressure towards seed and insect size reduction, deserves further attention.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01564.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Edifici C, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; IREC (Instituto de Recursos Cinegticos, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo sn, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bennie, Jonathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kubin, Eero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiltshire, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huntley, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter, Robert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting spatial and temporal patterns of bud-burst and spring frost risk in north-west Europe: the implications of local adaptation to climate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budburst</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GDD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02095.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9999</style></volume><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The timing of spring bud-burst and leaf development in temperate, boreal and Arctic trees and shrubs fluctuates from year to year, depending on meteorological conditions. Over several generations, the sensitivity of bud-burst to meteorological conditions is subject to selection pressure. The timing of spring bud-burst is considered to be under opposing evolutionary pressures; earlier bud-burst increases the available growing season (capacity adaptation) but later bud-burst decreases the risk of frost damage to actively growing parts (survival adaptation). The optimum trade-off between these two forms of adaptation may be considered an evolutionarily stable strategy that maximizes the long-term ecological fitness of a phenotype under a given climate. Rapid changes in climate, as predicted for this century, are likely to exceed the rate at which trees and shrubs can adapt through evolution or migration. Therefore the response of spring phenology will depend not only on future climatic conditions but also on the limits imposed by adaptation to current and historical climate. Using a dataset of bud-burst dates from twenty-nine sites in Finland for downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), we parameterize a simple thermal time bud-burst model in which the critical temperature threshold for bud-burst is a function of recent historical climatic conditions and reflects a trade-off between capacity and survival adaptation. We validate this approach with independent data from eight independent sites outside Finland, and use the parameterized model to predict the response of bud-burst to future climate scenarios in north-west Europe. Current strategies for budburst are predicted to be suboptimal for future climates, with bud-burst generally occurring earlier than the optimal strategy. Nevertheless, exposure to frost risk is predicted to decrease slightly and the growing season is predicted to increase considerably across most of the region. However, in high-altitude maritime regions exposure to frost risk following bud-burst is predicted to increase.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02095.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate and Land Surface Systems Interaction Centre (CLASSIC), Centre for Ecosystem Sciences, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Unit, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FI-91500 MUHOS, Finland</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Camacho, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escudero, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproduction of an early-flowering Mediterranean mountain narrow endemic (&lt;i&gt;Armeria caespitosa&lt;/i&gt;) in a contracting mountain island</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitudinal range</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armeria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering duration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microhabitat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mountain island</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">515-524</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproduction at population lower edges is important for plant species persistence,especially in populations on contracting high-mountain islands. Inthis context, the ability of plants to reproduce in different microhabitatsseems to be important to guarantee seed production in stressful environments,such as Mediterranean high mountains. We hypothesised that thewarmer and drier conditions at the lower edge would be deleterious for thereproduction of Armeria caespitosa, an early-flowering plant. In addition,reproductive plasticity along this mountain gradient may also be microhabitat-dependent. We studied factors affecting the reproductive success ofA. caespitosa, an endemic of the Spanish Sistema Central. We considered acomplex set of predictors, including phenology, plant size and environmentalfactors at different scales using generalised estimating equations and generalisedlinear models. Microhabitat, together with the position in thealtitudinal gradient and inter-annual variability affected the reproduction ofA. caespitosa. In addition, individuals with longer flowering periods (durationof flowering) had significantly lower fruit set and a higher number ofunviable seeds; delayed flowering peaks favoured the production of both viableand unviable fruits. Microhabitat variability over an altitudinal range isrelevant for the reproduction of A. caespitosa, and is more important at thelower edge of the altitudinal range, where the species faces the most adverseconditions. In addition, the ability to reproduce in different microhabitatsmight increase the chances of the species to cope with environmental uncertaintiesunder on-going climate warming. Finally, reproduction of this earlyfloweringplant is constrained by summer drought, which might shape itsreproductive phenology.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrió, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez, Juan F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Gómez, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Güemes, Jaime</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology and conservation implications of three endangered snapdragon species (&lt;i&gt;Antirrhinum&lt;/i&gt;, Plantaginaceae) </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antirrhinum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inbreeding depression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantaginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snapdragon</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1854-1863</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">About 32% of Antirrhinum species are considered to be endangered; however, no field studies have focused on their reproductive biology. In this work, several aspects of the reproductive biology (flowering phenology, floral biology, breeding system) and potential limits on seed quantity and quality (pollen limitation, inbreeding depression) were studied in natural populations of three endangered species of the genus (Antirrhinum charidemi, Antirrhinum subbaeticum, Antirrhinum valentinum). Results disclose that all three species need insect visitors for seed production since fruit set after autonomous self-pollination was lower than under hand cross-pollination. A. charidemi and A. valentinum were mainly self-incompatible, whereas A. subbaeticum was self-compatible but herkogamous. Supplementary pollination in open-pollinated flowers only increased fruit set and seed set relative to controls in a given population of A. valentinum. Preliminary data on inbreeding depression at early life-cycle stages of the self-compatible A. subbaeticum revealed that the cumulative level was low. Despite the three species being closely related and sharing many ecological characteristics, they show different mating systems, and different factors limit seed quantity and quality. Thus, caution should be taken when making a common conservation plan for a group of closely related taxa.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadey, Mariana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadey, Jorge C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadey, Natalia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of five native plant species from the Monte Desert of Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hand pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator network</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01001.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190-201</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research into plant breeding systems enables the evaluation of whether seed production depends on pollination agents and gene flow mechanisms within and among populations. This aids, in turn, the estimation of the appropriate population sizes needed to maintain both genetic and species' diversity. Little is known about plant reproductive biology in the Monte Desert (Patagonia, Argentina), a habitat threatened by desertification as a result of human impact. The mating systems, flowering phenologies and pollinator networks were studied in five representative plant species of the Monte Desert. The mating systems studied ranged from anemophilous pollen dispersion in the dioecious Atriplex lampa, to a gradient of dependence on pollinators, from the less dependent (facultative self-compatible) Gutierrezia solbrigii and two Larrea spp. (L. divaricata and L. cuneifolia) to the most dependent Grindelia chiloensis (self-incompatible). Flowering phenology was restricted to spring and coincided with pollinator abundance. Solitary bees were the main pollinator group, but beetles, flies and butterflies were also important. The four insect-pollinated species were moderately generalist, but they maintained their own pollinator assemblage. Coleopterans depended more on Grindelia chiloensis and dipterans on Gutierrezia solbrigii. Lepidopterans frequently visited Gutierrezia solbrigii and Larrea divaricata, whereas hymenopterans visited both Larrea spp. more frequently. The studied plant species are ecologically important, not only as resources for a wide range of pollinator species but also for other insects. The Monte Desert is a very disturbance-sensitive environment and, as these plant species hardly show vegetative regeneration, sexual reproduction is essential for their survival.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161, 1902013201.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01001.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratorio Ecotono, Department of Ecology, CRUB-Universidad Nacional del Comahue CONICET, S. C. Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Žalakevičius, Mečislovas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartkevičienė, Galina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivanauskas, Feliksas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nedzinskas, Vytautas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of spring arrival dates of non-passerine migrants to climate change: A case study from eastern Baltic</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Zoologica Lituanica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NAO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10043-009-0029-0</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Under the conditions of climate warming spring arrival dates of birds were noticeably earlier for both short-distance and long-distance migrants: earlier arrival was statistically significant for 10 short-distance migrants (83.3%) of 12 investigated and for 5 long-distance migrants (62.5%) of 8 investigated (p Chlidonias niger) to 1.15 for common crane (Grus grus). The arrival to an observation site directly depends on air temperatures increasing in the site and en route of Europe and decreasing in North Africa. For all 12 short/medium-distance migrant species spring arrival has been registered statistically significantly earlier at a higher positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in winter en route.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.2478/v10043-009-0029-0</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitasse, Yann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porté, Annabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kremer, Antoine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michalet, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delzon, Sylvain</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of canopy duration to temperature changes in four temperate tree species: relative contributions of spring and autumn leaf phenology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitudinal gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season length</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1363-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-198</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While changes in spring phenological events due to global warming have been widely documented, changes in autumn phenology, and therefore in growing season length, are less studied and poorly understood. However, it may be helpful to assess the potential lengthening of the growing season under climate warming in order to determine its further impact on forest productivity and C balance. The present study aimed to: (1) characterise the sensitivity of leaf phenological events to temperature, and (2) quantify the relative contributions of leaf unfolding and senescence to the extension of canopy duration with increasing temperature, in four deciduous tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus petraea). For 3 consecutive years, we monitored the spring and autumn phenology of 41 populations at elevations ranging from 100 to 1,600m. Overall, we found significant altitudinal trends in leaf phenology and species-specific differences in temperature sensitivity. With increasing temperature, we recorded an advance in flushing from 1.9 ± 0.3 to 6.6 ± 0.4 days °C−1 (mean ± SD) and a 0 to 5.6 ± 0.6 days °C−1 delay in leaf senescence. Together both changes resulted in a 6.9 ± 1.0 to 13.0 ± 0.7 days °C−1 lengthening of canopy duration depending on species. For three of the four studied species, advances in flushing were the main factor responsible for lengthening canopy duration with increasing temperature, leading to a potentially larger gain in solar radiation than delays in leaf senescence. In contrast, for beech, we found a higher sensitivity to temperature in leaf senescence than in flushing, resulting in an equivalent contribution in solar radiation gain. These results suggest that climate warming will alter the C uptake period and forest productivity by lengthening canopy duration. Moreover, the between-species differences in phenological responses to temperature evidenced here could affect biotic interactions under climate warming.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00442-009-1363-4</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, A.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of botanical gardens in climate change research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">303–313</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steltzer, Heidi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Post, Eric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasons and life cycles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greenness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing season</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">886-887</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Zhen-Feng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Ting-Xing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Kai-Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Yuan-Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xian, Jun-Ren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-term responses of phenology, shoot growth and leaf traits of four alpine shrubs in a timberline ecotone to simulated global warming, Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conicera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daphne</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf lifespan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OTC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potentilla</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiraea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00229.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-34</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The short-term effects of artificial warming on phenology, growth and leaf traits were investigated in four alpine shrubs using the open-top chamber (OTC) method in a timberline ecotone (3240 m a.s.l.) on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. The OTC enhanced the mean air temperature by 2.9°C throughout the growing season. In contrast, only a slight difference (0.4°C) in the mean soil temperature was observed in the OTC compared with the control plots (CP). Spiraea mongolica, Potentilla fruticosa, Conicera hispida (deciduous shrubs) and Daphne retusa (evergreen shrub) showed earlier bud break, flowering and fruit coloring as well as longer flower longevity in the OTC than in the CP. All deciduous shrubs in the OTC had a longer leaf lifespan. Daphne retusa had higher leaf survival rates in the OTC. No significant differences in the total number of flowers and fruits were noticed for most species between the two treatments. Warming stimulated the shoot and leaf growth for most species. The specific leaf area tended to increase for many species in the OTC. However, the leaf nitrogen concentration tended to decrease in P. fruticosa and S. mongolica. The results obtained in the present study indicate that warming conditions can have strong impacts on alpine shrubs in a timberline ecotone.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00229.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China, ; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, and ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization Processes and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blumstein, Daniel T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social effects on emergence from hibernation in yellow-bellied marmots</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Mammalogy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hibernation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marmot</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/08-MAMM-A-344.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society of Mammalogists</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1184-1187</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-2372</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Of 14 species of marmots (genus Marmota, Family Sciuridae), only 2, the woodchuck (M. monax) and yellow-bellied marmot (M. flaviventris), have not been reported to be obligate social hibernators. There is one published report of yellow-bellied marmot juveniles hibernating together at a subalpine site, and social hibernation was reported at a single high-alpine site. Solitary hibernation is expected in woodchucks because they do not share burrows during summer, but is unexpected in yellow-bellied marmots, a harem-polygynous species where females may share burrows and have extensive home-range overlap with female kin during summer. We documented emergence patterns in 13 matrilines to determine whether adult marmots hibernate socially. We found that adult males hibernated with 1 or more adult females, and mothers hibernated with their offspring. Therefore, we conclude that yellow-bellied marmots hibernate socially. There is, however, no evidence that suggests that yellow-bellied marmots receive social thermoregulatory benefits from social hibernation. Documenting social hibernation required us to quantify patterns of emergence from hibernation. Throughout our subalpine site, emergence appears to be getting earlier; a result consistent with a previous report based on 1 colony site and which suggests the effects of global climate change are affecting hibernation patterns.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, Richard B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibáñez, Inés</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higuchi, Hiroyoshi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang Don</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Adam M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silander, John A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Korea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2569-2577</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comprehensive understanding of species phenological responses to global warming will require observations that are both long-term and spatially extensive. Here we present an analysis of the spring phenological response to climate variation of twelve taxa: six plants, three birds, a frog, and two insects. Phenology was monitored using standardized protocols at 176 meteorological stations in Japan and South Korea from 1953 to 2005, and in some cases even longer. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to examine the complex interactions of temperature, site effects, and latitude on phenology. Results show species-specific variation in the magnitude and even in the direction of their responses to increasing temperature, which also differ from site-to-site. At most sites the differences in phenology among species are forecast to become greater with warmer temperatures. Our results challenge the assertion that trends in one geographic region can be extrapolated to others, and emphasize the idiosyncratic nature of the species response to global warming. Field studies are needed to determine how these patterns of variation in species response to climate change affect species interactions and the ability to persist in a changing climate.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askeyev, Oleg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askeyev, Igor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tryjanowski, Piotr</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring migration timing of Sylvia warblers in Tatarstan (Russia) 1957–2008</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Central European Journal of Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arrival date</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0046-9</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">595-602</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The timing of when migrant birds return to breed is a key component of studies of the impact of climate change upon bird populations. However, such data are not distributed evenly across the World, and in the Northern Hemisphere are underrepresented in Asia and the east of Europe. Therefore, to help rectify this bias, we analysed first arrival dates (FAD) of four species of Sylvia warblers (Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, Whitethroat S.communis, Lesser Whitethroat S.curruca and Garden Warbler S.borin) collected in the Tatarstan Republic of Russia between 1957 and 2008. Over the whole period the species returned to their breeding sites between three and six days earlier; these trends were significant except for Whitethroat. Advances in arrival were especially apparent in the two earlier species, Blackcap and Lesser Whitethroat, mainly because local temperatures for March had risen substantially. Except for Whitethroat, FADs were significantly related to temperatures in the African wintering ground and/or in Tatarstan. Whilst significant correlations occurred between FADs of some of the species, there was considerable variability in these relationships indicating a species-specific response to rising temperatures. Changes in FADs in this eastern extremity of Europe were smaller than in Central and Western Europe.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.2478/s11535-009-0046-9</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simard, Marie-JosÃ©e</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LÃ©gÃ¨re, Anne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synchrony of flowering between canola and wild radish (&lt;i&gt;Raphanus raphanistrum&lt;/i&gt;)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canola</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GMO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybridization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-03-145R</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed Science Society of America</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">905-912</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0043-1745</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many conditions need to be satisfied for gene flow to occur between a transgenic crop and its weedy relatives. Flowering overlap is one essential requirement for hybrid formation. Hybridization can occur between canola and its wild relative, wild radish. We studied the effects of wild radish plant density and date of emergence, canola (glyphosate resistant) planting dates, presence of other weeds, and presence of a wheat crop on the synchrony of flowering between wild radish and canola (as a crop and volunteer). Four field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in St-David de Lévis, Québec. Flowering periods of wild radish emerging after glyphosate application overlapped with early-, intermediate-, and late-seeded canola 14, 26, and 55%, respectively, of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of early-emerging wild radish and canola volunteers in uncropped treatments overlapped from mid-June until the end of July, ranging from 26 to 81% of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of wild radish and canola volunteers emerging synchronously on May 30 or June 5 as weeds in wheat overlapped 88 and 42%, respectively, of their total flowering time. For later emergence dates, few flowers or seeds were produced by both species because of wheat competition. Wild radish density in canola and wild radish and canola volunteer densities in wheat did not affect the mean flowering dates of wild radish or canola. Increasing wild radish density in uncropped plots (pure or weedy stands) hastened wild radish flowering. Our results show that if hybridization is to happen, it will be most likely with uncontrolled early-emerging weeds in crops or on roadsides, field margins, and uncultivated areas, stressing the need to control the early flush of weeds, weedy relatives, and crop volunteers in noncrop areas.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1614/WS-03-145R</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reed, Thomas E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warzybok, Pete</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson,  Alistair J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradley,  Russell W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanless, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sydeman, William J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing is everything: flexible phenology and shifting selection in a colonial seabird</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01503.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">376-387</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2656</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to reproduce successfully in a temporally varying environment, iteroparous animals must exhibit considerable behavioural flexibility across their lifetimes. By adjusting timing of breeding each year, parents can ensure optimal overlap between the energy intensive period of offspring production and the seasonal peak in favourable environmental conditions, thereby increasing their chances of successfully rearing young. Few studies investigate variation among individuals in how they respond to fluctuating conditions, or how selection acts on these individual differences, but this information is essential for understanding how populations will cope with rapid environmental change. We explored inter-annual trends in breeding time and individual responses to environmental variability in common guillemots Uria aalge, an important marine top predator in the highly variable California Current System. Complex, nonlinear relationships between phenology and oceanic and climate variables were found at the population level. Using a novel application of a statistical technique called random regression, we showed that individual females responded in a nonlinear fashion to environmental variability, and that reaction norm shape differed among females. The pattern and strength of selection varied substantially over a 34-year period, but in general, earlier laying was favoured. Females deviating significantly from the population mean laying date each year also suffered reduced breeding success, with the strength of nonlinear selection varying in relation to environmental conditions. We discuss our results in the wider context of an emerging literature on the evolutionary ecology of individual-level plasticity in the wild. Better understanding of how species-specific factors and local habitat features affect the timing and success of breeding will improve our ability to predict how populations will respond to climate change.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01503.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; ; Marine Ecology Division, PRBO Conservation Science, 3820 Cypress Drive, No. 11, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; and ; NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehrlén , Johan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Münzbergová, Zuzana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timing of flowering: Opposed selection on dfferent ftness components and trait covariation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lathyrus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predispersal seed predation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/598492</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">819-830</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The timing of reproduction influences how organisms interact with the environment and can have important fitness effects. In plants, the evolution of flowering phenology is often interpreted as the response to selection from mutualists, although antagonistic interactions may also be important. We examined direct and indirect phenotypic selection on the start of flowering via mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in the perennial herb Lathyrus vernus over 7 years. Flowering start influenced seed set, predispersal seed predation, and risk of grazing. These effects were in opposed directions and partly influenced different components of fitness. Combining information about effects on fitness components with information about links between fitness components and average lifetime fitness, in terms of population growth rate, showed that earlier flowering was associated with higher lifetime fitness in all years. These relationships were, however, mediated largely by variation in flower number, and direct selection on first flowering date was more variable among years. We conclude that longâ€term studies correcting for indirect selection and environmental covariance are needed to understand selection on reproductive phenology and that demographic approaches are necessary to assess selection mediated by several agents and influencing several components of fitness.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19335224</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Musolin,Dmitry L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tougou, Daisuke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fujisaki, Kenji</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Too hot to handle? Phenological and life-history responses to simulated climate change of the southern green stink bug &lt;i&gt;Nezara viridula&lt;/i&gt; (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diapause</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemiptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overwintering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01914.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-87</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of simulated climate change on Nezara viridula was studied close to the species' northern range limit in Japan. Insects from the same egg masses were reared for 15 months in 10 consecutive series under quasi-natural (i.e. outdoor) conditions and in a transparent incubator, in which climate warming was simulated by adding 2.5 °C to the outdoor temperature. The warming strongly affected all life-history and phenological parameters. In the spring, the simulated warming advanced the timing of postdiapause body colour changes and reproduction. In the early summer, it increased egg production and accelerated nymphal development. In the late summer (the hottest season), the effect of the simulated warming was strongly deleterious: nymphs developed slowly, suffered higher mortality and had difficulties during final moulting; the emerged females were smaller, some exhibited abnormal cuticle, produced fewer eggs and had a decreased life span. In the autumn, the warming accelerated nymphal development, resulted in larger female size, affected the timing of the diapause-associated adult body colour change from green to russet and enhanced preparation for overwintering. Larger females had higher winter survival rate than smaller females. The warming strongly increased survival rate in both size classes and allowed smaller females to reach the same winter survival rate as larger females had under the quasi-natural conditions. The winter survival also differed between the green and dark-coloured females under the quasi-natural, but not under the warming conditions. However, under the warming conditions, green females survived the winter even better than dark-coloured females did under the quasi-natural conditions. The warming also shortened the life span of females from the summer generations and prolonged it in those from the autumn generation. It is concluded that even a moderate temperature increase (+2.5 °C) in the future is likely to have a complex influence upon insects, strongly affecting many of their life-history and phenological parameters.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01914.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morisette, Jeffrey T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson,Andrew D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher,Jeremy I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graham, Eric A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abatzoglou, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Bruce E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breshears, David D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOFFREY M. HENEBRY</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanes, Jonathan M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liang, Liang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: phenological research in the 21st century</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070217</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-260</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology is the study of recurring life-cycle events, classic examples being the flowering of plants and animal migration. Phenological responses are increasingly relevant for addressing applied environmental issues. Yet, challenges remain with respect to spanning scales of observation, integrating observations across taxa, and modeling phenological sequences to enable ecological forecasts in light of future climate change. Recent advances that are helping to address these questions include refined landscape-scale phenology estimates from satellite data, advanced, instrument-based approaches for field measurements, and new cyberinfrastructure for archiving and distribution of products. These breakthroughs are improving our understanding in diverse areas, including modeling land-surface exchange, evaluating climate–phenology relationships, and making land-management decisions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Buskirk, Josh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulvihill, Robert S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leberman,  Robert C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variable shifts in spring and autumn migration phenology in North American songbirds associated with climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NAO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01751.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">760-771</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2486</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring studies find that the timing of spring bird migration has advanced in recent decades, especially in Europe. Results for autumn migration have been mixed. Using data from Powdermill Nature Reserve, a banding station in western Pennsylvania, USA, we report an analysis of migratory timing in 78 songbird species from 1961 to 2006. Spring migration became significantly earlier over the 46-year period, and autumn migration showed no overall change. There was much variation among species in phenological change, especially in autumn. Change in timing was unrelated to summer range (local vs. northern breeders) or the number of broods per year, but autumn migration became earlier in neotropical migrants and later in short-distance migrants. The migratory period for many species lengthened because late phases of migration remained unchanged or grew later as early phases became earlier. There was a negative correlation between spring and autumn in long-term change, and this caused dramatic adjustments in the amount of time between migrations: the intermigratory periods of 10 species increased or decreased by &gt;15 days. Year-to-year changes in timing were correlated with local temperature (detrended) and, in autumn, with a regional climate index (detrended North Atlantic Oscillation). These results illustrate a complex and dynamic annual cycle in songbirds, with responses to climate change differing among species and migration seasons.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01751.x</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Zoology, University of Zrich, CH-8057 Zrich, Switzerland; Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Vic., Australia; Powdermill Avian Research Center, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Rector, PA 15677-9605, USA</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inouye, David W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in the impact of climate change on flowering phenology and abundance: An examination of two pairs of closely related wildflower species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boraginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delphinium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mertensia</style></keyword><keyword><style  f
